MD Travel Health - Brazil - vaccinations, malaria, safety, and other medical advice

Summary You can't Edit

1

Summary of recommendations

Most travelers to Brazil will need vaccinations for hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and yellow fever, as well as medications for travelers' diarrhea. Many will require malaria prophylaxis, in conjunction with insect repellents and other measures to prevent mosquito bites. Additional immunizations may be necessary depending upon the circumstances of the trip and the medical history of the traveler, as discussed below. All travelers should visit either a travel health clinic or their personal physician 4-8 weeks before departure.

Malaria:Prophylaxis with Lariam (mefloquine), Malarone (atovaquone/proguanil), or doxycycline is recommended for the states of Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao (western part), Mato Grosso (northern part), Para (except Belem City), Rondonia, Roraima, and Tocantins, and for urban areas within these states, including the cities of Porto Velho, Boa Vista, Macapa, Manaus, Santarem, and Maraba.

Vaccinations:

Hepatitis A	Recommended for all travelers
Typhoid	For travelers who may eat or drink outside major restaurants and hotels
Yellow fever	Recommended for the entire states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city of Brasília), Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins, and designated areas Bahia, Paraná, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo. Recommended for travelers visiting Iguacu Falls. Not recommended for travel to the following coastal cities: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador, Recife, and Fortaleza. Required for travelers arriving from a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.
Hepatitis B	Recommended for all travelers
Rabies	For travelers spending a lot of time outdoors, or at high risk for animal bites, or involved in any activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)	Two doses recommended for all travelers born after 1956, if not previously given
Tetanus-diphtheria	Revaccination recommended every 10 years

Revisions

Summary of recommendations
Most travelers to Brazil will need vaccinations for hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and yellow fever, as well as medications for travelers' diarrhea. Many will require malaria prophylaxis, in conjunction with insect repellents and other measures to prevent mosquito bites. Additional immunizations may be necessary depending upon the circumstances of the trip and the medical history of the traveler, as discussed below. All travelers should visit either a travel health clinic or their personal physician 4-8 weeks before departure.
Malaria:Prophylaxis with Lariam (mefloquine), Malarone (atovaquone/proguanil), or doxycycline is recommended for the states of Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao (western part), Mato Grosso (northern part), Para (except Belem City), Rondonia, Roraima, and Tocantins, and for urban areas within these states, including the cities of Porto Velho, Boa Vista, Macapa, Manaus, Santarem, and Maraba.
Vaccinations:
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Hepatitis A</td>
<td>Recommended for all travelers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Typhoid</td>
<td>For travelers who may eat or drink outside major restaurants and hotels</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Yellow fever</td>
<td>Recommended for the entire states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city of Brasília), Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins, and designated areas Bahia, Paraná, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo. Recommended for travelers visiting Iguacu Falls. Not recommended for travel to the following coastal cities: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador, Recife, and Fortaleza. Required for travelers arriving from a country with risk of yellow fever transmission.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hepatitis B</td>
<td>Recommended for all travelers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rabies</td>
<td>For travelers spending a lot of time outdoors, or at high risk for animal bites, or involved in any activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)</td>
<td>Two doses recommended for all travelers born after 1956, if not previously given</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tetanus-diphtheria</td>
<td>Revaccination recommended every 10 years</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

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Medications You can't Edit

2

Medications

Travelers' diarrhea is the most common travel-related ailment. The cornerstone of prevention is food and water precautions, as outlined below. All travelers should bring along an antibiotic and an antidiarrheal drug to be started promptly if significant diarrhea occurs, defined as three or more loose stools in an 8-hour period or five or more loose stools in a 24-hour period, especially if associated with nausea, vomiting, cramps, fever or blood in the stool. A quinolone antibiotic is usually prescribed: either ciprofloxacin (Cipro)(PDF) 500 mg twice daily or levofloxacin (Levaquin) 500 mg once daily for a total of three days. Quinolones are generally well-tolerated, but occasionally cause sun sensitivity and should not be given to children, pregnant women, or anyone with a history of quinolone allergy. Alternative regimens include a three day course of rifaximin (Xifaxan) 200 mg three times daily or azithromycin (Zithromax) 500 mg once daily. Rifaximin should not be used by those with fever or bloody stools and is not approved for pregnant women or those under age 12. Azithromycin should be avoided in those allergic to erythromycin or related antibiotics. An antidiarrheal drug such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate (Lomotil) should be taken as needed to slow the frequency of stools, but not enough to stop the bowel movements completely. Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and loperamide (Imodium) should not be given to children under age two.

Most cases of travelers' diarrhea are mild and do not require either antibiotics or antidiarrheal drugs. Adequate fluid intake is essential.

If diarrhea is severe or bloody, or if fever occurs with shaking chills, or if abdominal pain becomes marked, or if diarrhea persists for more than 72 hours, medical attention should be sought.

Though effective, antibiotics are not recommended prophylactically (i.e. to prevent diarrhea before it occurs) because of the risk of adverse effects, though this approach may be warranted in special situations, such as immunocompromised travelers.

Malaria in Brazil: malaria transmission occurs in the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia, Roraima, Tocantins, and the western part of Maranhaõ, as well as urban areas, including cities such as Boa Vista, Macapa, Manaus, Maraba, Porto Velho, and Santarem. Rare cases are reported from Belem. There is no malaria transmission at Iguassu Falls. Transmission is greatest in remote jungle areas where mining, lumbering and agriculture occur and which have been settled for less than five years. For a map showing the risk of malaria in different parts of the country, go to the Pan American Health Organization.

For all ares with malaria transmission, except Belem city, either mefloquine (Lariam), atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone)(PDF), or doxycycline may be given. Mefloquine is given once weekly in a dosage of 250 mg, starting one-to-two weeks before arrival and continuing through the trip and for four weeks after departure. Side-effects, which are typically mild, may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, insomnisa, and nightmares. Rarely, severe reactions occur, including depression, anxiety, psychosis, hallucinations, and seizures. Mefloquine should not be given to anyone with a history of seizures, psychiatric illness, cardiac conduction disorders, or allergy to quinine or quinidine. Those taking mefloquine (Lariam) should read the Lariam Medication Guide (PDF). Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) is a combination pill taken once daily with food starting two days before arrival and continuing through the trip and for seven days after departure. Malarone may cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, or dizziness, though usually mild. Serious adverse reactions are rare. Doxycycline is effective, but may cause an exaggerated sunburn reaction, which limits its usefulness in the tropics.

Insect protection measures are essential.

For Belem city, insect protection measures are advised, but malaria medications are not recommended.

Long-term travelers who will be visiting malarious areas and may not have access to medical care should bring along medications for emergency self-treatment should they develop symptoms suggestive of malaria, such as fever, chills, headaches, and muscle aches, and cannot obtain medical care within 24 hours. See malaria for details. Symptoms of malaria sometimes do not occur for months or even years after exposure.

Travelers visiting only the coastal states from the horn to the Uruguay border and Iguacu Falls do not need prophylaxis.

For further information about malaria in Brazil, go to the World Health Organization.

Revisions

<categorytext name="Medications">
 
 Medications
 
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/travelers_diarrhea">Travelers' diarrhea</a> is the most common travel-related ailment. The cornerstone of prevention is food and water precautions, as outlined below. All travelers should bring along an antibiotic and an antidiarrheal drug to be started promptly if significant diarrhea occurs, defined as three or more loose stools in an 8-hour period or five or more loose stools in a 24-hour period, especially if associated with nausea, vomiting, cramps, fever or blood in the stool. A quinolone antibiotic is usually prescribed: either <a href="http://www.univgraph.com/bayer/inserts/ciprotab.pdf">ciprofloxacin (Cipro)(PDF)</a> 500 mg twice daily or levofloxacin (Levaquin) 500 mg once daily for a total of three days. Quinolones are generally well-tolerated, but occasionally cause sun sensitivity and should not be given to children, pregnant women, or anyone with a history of quinolone allergy. Alternative regimens include a three day course of <a href="http://www.salix.com/pdf/XifaxanPI.pdf">rifaximin (Xifaxan)</a> 200 mg three times daily or <a href="http://www.pfizer.com/hml/pi's/zithromaxregpi.html">azithromycin (Zithromax)</a> 500 mg once daily. Rifaximin should not be used by those with fever or bloody stools and is not approved for pregnant women or those under age 12. Azithromycin should be avoided in those allergic to erythromycin or related antibiotics. An antidiarrheal drug such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate (Lomotil) should be taken as needed to slow the frequency of stools, but not enough to stop the bowel movements completely. Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and loperamide (Imodium) should not be given to children under age two. 
 Most cases of travelers' diarrhea are mild and do not require either antibiotics or antidiarrheal drugs. Adequate fluid intake is essential. 
 If diarrhea is severe or bloody, or if fever occurs with shaking chills, or if abdominal pain becomes marked, or if diarrhea persists for more than 72 hours, medical attention should be sought. 
 Though effective, antibiotics are not recommended prophylactically (i.e. to prevent diarrhea before it occurs) because of the risk of adverse effects, though this approach may be warranted in special situations, such as immunocompromised travelers. 
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/malaria">Malaria</a> in Brazil: malaria transmission occurs in the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia, Roraima, Tocantins, and the western part of Maranhaõ, as well as urban areas, including cities such as Boa Vista, Macapa, Manaus, Maraba, Porto Velho, and Santarem. Rare cases are reported from Belem. There is no malaria transmission at Iguassu Falls. Transmission is greatest in remote jungle areas where mining, lumbering and agriculture occur and which have been settled for less than five years. For a map showing the risk of malaria in different parts of the country, go to the <a href="http://www.paho.org/English/HCP/HCT/MAL/maps-cartagena.htm">Pan American Health Organization</a>. 
 For all ares with malaria transmission, except Belem city, either mefloquine (Lariam), <a href="http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_malarone.pdf">atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone)(PDF)</a>, or doxycycline may be given. Mefloquine is given once weekly in a dosage of 250 mg, starting one-to-two weeks before arrival and continuing through the trip and for four weeks after departure. Side-effects, which are typically mild, may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, insomnisa, and nightmares. Rarely, severe reactions occur, including depression, anxiety, psychosis, hallucinations, and seizures. Mefloquine should not be given to anyone with a history of seizures, psychiatric illness, cardiac conduction disorders, or allergy to quinine or quinidine. Those taking mefloquine (Lariam) should read the Lariam Medication Guide (PDF). Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) is a combination pill taken once daily with food starting two days before arrival and continuing through the trip and for seven days after departure. Malarone may cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, or dizziness, though usually mild. Serious adverse reactions are rare. Doxycycline is effective, but may cause an exaggerated sunburn reaction, which limits its usefulness in the tropics. 
 
 Insect protection measures are essential. 
 For Belem city, insect protection measures are advised, but malaria medications are not recommended.
 Long-term travelers who will be visiting malarious areas and may not have access to medical care should bring along medications for emergency self-treatment should they develop symptoms suggestive of malaria, such as fever, chills, headaches, and muscle aches, and cannot obtain medical care within 24 hours. See <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/malaria">malaria</a> for details. Symptoms of malaria sometimes do not occur for months or even years after exposure. 
 Travelers visiting only the coastal states from the horn to the Uruguay border and Iguacu Falls do not need prophylaxis.
 For further information about malaria in Brazil, go to the World Health Organization.
</categorytext>

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Immunizations You can't Edit

3

Immunizations

The following are the recommended vaccinations for Brazil.

Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all travelers over one year of age. It should be given at least two weeks (preferably four weeks or more) before departure. A booster should be given 6-12 months later to confer long-term immunity. Two vaccines are currently available in the United States: VAQTA (Merck and Co., Inc.) (PDF) and Havrix (GlaxoSmithKline) (PDF). Both are well-tolerated. Side-effects, which are generally mild, may include soreness at the injection site, headache, and malaise.

Older adults, immunocompromised persons, and those with chronic liver disease or other chronic medical conditions who have less than two weeks before departure should receive a single intramuscular dose of immune globulin (0.02 mL/kg) at a separate anatomic injection site in addition to the initial dose of vaccine. Travelers who are less than one year of age or allergic to a vaccine component should receive a single intramuscular dose of immune globulin (see hepatitis A for dosage) in the place of vaccine.

Typhoid vaccine is recommended for all travelers, with the exception of short-term visitors who restrict their meals to major restaurants and hotels, such as business travelers and cruise passengers. It is generally given in an oral form (Vivotif Berna) consisting of four capsules taken on alternate days until completed. The capsules should be kept refrigerated and taken with cool liquid. Side-effects are uncommon and may include abdominal discomfort, nausea, rash or hives. The alternative is an injectable polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi; Aventis Pasteur Inc.) (PDF), given as a single dose. Adverse reactions, which are uncommon, may include discomfort at the injection site, fever and headache. The oral vaccine is approved for travelers at least six years old, whereas the injectable vaccine is approved for those over age two. There are no data concerning the safety of typhoid vaccine during pregnancy. The injectable vaccine (Typhim Vi) is probably preferable to the oral vaccine in pregnant and immunocompromised travelers.

Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for all travelers greater than nine months of age going to the following areas: all areas of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city of Brasília), Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins, and designated areas (see map) of the following states: Bahia, Paraná, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo. Vaccination is also recommended for travelers visiting Iguacu Falls. Vaccination is not recommended for travel to the following coastal cities: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador, Recife, and Fortaleza. For information on risk in specific municipalities, please see the Brazilian Ministry of Health yellow fever risk area search portal (in Portuguese).

In March 2002, an unvaccinated Texas man died from yellow fever after a 6-day fishing trip on the Rio Negro west of Manaus in the state of Amazonas. In 1996, a Tennessee resident died from yellow fever contracted during a nine-day trip along the Rio Negro and Amazon rivers. Yellow fever has also been reported from the states of Amapa, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para, Roraima, Sao Paulo, and Tocantins. For further details on yellow fever in Brazil, go to the Pan-American Health Organization (PDF).

Yellow fever vaccine (YF-VAX; Aventis Pasteur Inc.) (PDF) must be administered at an approved yellow fever vaccination center , which will give each vaccinee a fully validated International Certificate of Vaccination. Reactions to the vaccine, which are generally mild, include headaches, muscle aches, and low-grade fevers. Serious allergic reactions, such as hives or asthma, are rare and generally occur in those with a history of egg allergy. The vaccine should not in general be given to those who are younger than nine months of age, pregnant, immunocompromised, or allergic to eggs.

Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all travelers if not previously vaccinated. Two vaccines are currently licensed in the United States: Recombivax HB (Merck and Co., Inc.) (PDF) and Engerix-B (GlaxoSmithKline) (PDF). A full series consists of three intramuscular doses given at 0, 1 and 6 months. Engerix-B is also approved for administration at 0, 1, 2, and 12 months, which may be appropriate for travelers departing in less than 6 months. Side-effects are generally mild and may include discomfort at the injection site and low-grade fever. Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) occur rarely.

Rabies vaccine is recommended for travelers spending a lot of time outdoors, for travelers at high risk for animal bites, such as veterinarians and animal handlers, for long-term travelers and expatriates, and for travelers involved in any activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats. Children are considered at higher risk because they tend to play with animals, may receive more severe bites, or may not report bites. Rabies vaccine should also be considered for those making extended trips to remote areas in the northeastern and northern regions of the country, where most cases occur. In the past, most cases of rabies in Brazil were related to dog bites in urban areas. However, since 2004, most have been transmitted by bats in rural parts of the states of Pará and Maranhão (see "Recent outbreaks" below). A complete preexposure series consists of three doses of vaccine injected into the deltoid muscle on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28. Side-effects may include pain at the injection site, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, muscle aches, dizziness, or allergic reactions.

Any animal bite or scratch should be thoroughly cleaned with large amounts of soap and water and local health authorities should be contacted immediately for possible post-exposure treatment, whether or not the person has been immunized against rabies.

Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine is recommended for all travelers who have not received a tetanus-diphtheria immunization within the last 10 years.

Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine: two doses are recommended (if not previously given) for all travelers born after 1956, unless blood tests show immunity. Many adults born after 1956 and before 1970 received only one vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella as children and should be given a second dose before travel. MMR vaccine should not be given to pregnant or severely immunocompromised individuals.

Cholera vaccine is not generally recommended. Only seven cases were reported for the year 2001 and none in 2002. Most travelers are at extremely low risk for infection. Two oral vaccines have recently been developed: Orochol (Mutacol), licensed in Canada and Australia, and Dukoral, licensed in Canada, Australia, and the European Union. These vaccines, where available, are recommended only for high-risk individuals, such as relief workers, health professionals, and those traveling to remote areas where cholera epidemics are occurring and there is limited access to medical care. The only cholera vaccine approved for use in the United States is no longer manufactured or sold, due to low efficacy and frequent side-effects.

In November 1998, a cholera outbreak was reported from Cortez municipality in the region of Mata-Sul, Pernambuco State, in the northeastern part of the country. The source of infection was thought to be the Rio Sirinhaem, which supplies 80% of the water used by the population. Another outbreak occurred in the municipality of Paranagua, Parana State, in March 1999.

Polio vaccine is not recommended for any adult traveler who completed the recommended childhood immunizations. Polio has been eradicated from the Americas, except for a small outbreak of vaccine-related poliomyelitis in the Dominican Republic and Haiti in late 2000.

Revisions

<categorytext name="Immunizations">
 
 Immunizations
 
 The following are the recommended vaccinations for Brazil.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/hepatitis_a">Hepatitis A</a> vaccine is recommended for all travelers over one year of age. It should be given at least two weeks (preferably four weeks or more) before departure. A booster should be given 6-12 months later to confer long-term immunity. Two vaccines are currently available in the United States: <a href="http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/v/vaqta/vaqta_pi.pdf">VAQTA (Merck and Co., Inc.) (PDF)</a> and <a href="http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_havrix.pdf">Havrix (GlaxoSmithKline) (PDF)</a>. Both are well-tolerated. Side-effects, which are generally mild, may include soreness at the injection site, headache, and malaise.
 Older adults, immunocompromised persons, and those with chronic liver disease or other chronic medical conditions who have less than two weeks before departure should receive a single intramuscular dose of immune globulin (0.02 mL/kg) at a separate anatomic injection site in addition to the initial dose of vaccine. Travelers who are less than one year of age or allergic to a vaccine component should receive a single intramuscular dose of immune globulin (see <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/hepatitis_a">hepatitis A</a> for dosage) in the place of vaccine.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/typhoid_fever">Typhoid</a> vaccine is recommended for all travelers, with the exception of short-term visitors who restrict their meals to major restaurants and hotels, such as business travelers and cruise passengers. It is generally given in an oral form (Vivotif Berna) consisting of four capsules taken on alternate days until completed. The capsules should be kept refrigerated and taken with cool liquid. Side-effects are uncommon and may include abdominal discomfort, nausea, rash or hives. The alternative is an injectable polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi; Aventis Pasteur Inc.) (PDF), given as a single dose. Adverse reactions, which are uncommon, may include discomfort at the injection site, fever and headache. The oral vaccine is approved for travelers at least six years old, whereas the injectable vaccine is approved for those over age two. There are no data concerning the safety of typhoid vaccine during pregnancy. The injectable vaccine (Typhim Vi) is probably preferable to the oral vaccine in pregnant and immunocompromised travelers.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/yellow_fever">Yellow fever</a> vaccine is recommended for all travelers greater than nine months of age going to the following areas: all areas of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city of Brasília), Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins, and designated areas (see <a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/yellow-fever.htm#2854">map</a>) of the following states: Bahia, Paraná, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo. Vaccination is also recommended for travelers visiting Iguacu Falls. Vaccination is not recommended for travel to the following coastal cities: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador, Recife, and Fortaleza. For information on risk in specific municipalities, please see the <a href="http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/base_dados_acre2010_2011_18_10_2011.pdf">Brazilian Ministry of Health</a> yellow fever risk area search portal (in Portuguese).
 In March 2002, an unvaccinated Texas man died from yellow fever after a 6-day fishing trip on the Rio Negro west of Manaus in the state of Amazonas. In 1996, a Tennessee resident died from yellow fever contracted during a nine-day trip along the Rio Negro and Amazon rivers. Yellow fever has also been reported from the states of Amapa, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para, Roraima, Sao Paulo, and Tocantins. For further details on yellow fever in Brazil, go to the <a href="http://www.paho.org/English/HVP/HVI/2002_09_%2010_dc.pdf">Pan-American Health Organization (PDF)</a>.
 Yellow fever vaccine (YF-VAX; Aventis Pasteur Inc.) (PDF) must be administered at an approved yellow fever vaccination center , which will give each vaccinee a fully validated International Certificate of Vaccination. Reactions to the vaccine, which are generally mild, include headaches, muscle aches, and low-grade fevers. Serious allergic reactions, such as hives or asthma, are rare and generally occur in those with a history of egg allergy. The vaccine should not in general be given to those who are younger than nine months of age, pregnant, immunocompromised, or allergic to eggs.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/hepatitis_b">Hepatitis B</a> vaccine is recommended for all travelers if not previously vaccinated. Two vaccines are currently licensed in the United States: <a href="http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/r/recombivax_hb/recombivax_pi.pdf">Recombivax HB (Merck and Co., Inc.) (PDF)</a> and <a href="http://us.gsk.com/products/assets/us_engerixb.pdf">Engerix-B (GlaxoSmithKline) (PDF)</a>. A full series consists of three intramuscular doses given at 0, 1 and 6 months. Engerix-B is also approved for administration at 0, 1, 2, and 12 months, which may be appropriate for travelers departing in less than 6 months. Side-effects are generally mild and may include discomfort at the injection site and low-grade fever. Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) occur rarely.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/rabies">Rabies</a> vaccine is recommended for travelers spending a lot of time outdoors, for travelers at high risk for animal bites, such as veterinarians and animal handlers, for long-term travelers and expatriates, and for travelers involved in any activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats. Children are considered at higher risk because they tend to play with animals, may receive more severe bites, or may not report bites. Rabies vaccine should also be considered for those making extended trips to remote areas in the northeastern and northern regions of the country, where most cases occur. In the past, most cases of rabies in Brazil were related to dog bites in urban areas. However, since 2004, most have been transmitted by bats in rural parts of the states of Pará and Maranhão (see "Recent outbreaks" below). A complete preexposure series consists of three doses of vaccine injected into the deltoid muscle on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28. Side-effects may include pain at the injection site, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, muscle aches, dizziness, or allergic reactions.
 
 Any animal bite or scratch should be thoroughly cleaned with large amounts of soap and water and local health authorities should be contacted immediately for possible post-exposure treatment, whether or not the person has been immunized against rabies.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/tetanus">Tetanus</a>-<a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/diphtheria">diphtheria</a> vaccine is recommended for all travelers who have not received a tetanus-diphtheria immunization within the last 10 years.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/measles">Measles</a>-<a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/mumps">mumps</a>-<a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/rubella">rubella</a> vaccine: two doses are recommended (if not previously given) for all travelers born after 1956, unless blood tests show immunity. Many adults born after 1956 and before 1970 received only one vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella as children and should be given a second dose before travel. MMR vaccine should not be given to pregnant or severely immunocompromised individuals.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/cholera">Cholera</a> vaccine is not generally recommended. Only seven cases were reported for the year 2001 and none in 2002. Most travelers are at extremely low risk for infection. Two oral vaccines have recently been developed: Orochol (Mutacol), licensed in Canada and Australia, and <a href="http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/26272/SPC/Dukoral+Oral+Cholera+Vaccine/">Dukoral</a>, licensed in Canada, Australia, and the European Union. These vaccines, where available, are recommended only for high-risk individuals, such as relief workers, health professionals, and those traveling to remote areas where cholera epidemics are occurring and there is limited access to medical care. The only cholera vaccine approved for use in the United States is no longer manufactured or sold, due to low efficacy and frequent side-effects.
 In November 1998, a cholera outbreak was reported from Cortez municipality in the region of Mata-Sul, Pernambuco State, in the northeastern part of the country. The source of infection was thought to be the Rio Sirinhaem, which supplies 80% of the water used by the population. Another outbreak occurred in the municipality of Paranagua, Parana State, in March 1999.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/polio">Polio</a> vaccine is not recommended for any adult traveler who completed the recommended childhood immunizations. Polio has been eradicated from the Americas, except for a small outbreak of vaccine-related poliomyelitis in the Dominican Republic and Haiti in late 2000.
</categorytext>

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Recent outbreaks of diseases You can't Edit

4

Recent outbreaks

Multiple outbreaks of Chagas disease have recently been reported from the northern Brazilian states of Para, Amazonas, and Amapa, related to consumption of local fruit juices, mainly those made from the berries of the acai and bacaba palms, which have been contaminated by triatomid bugs, which transmit the disease. The most recent were reported in October 2012 from the city of Abaetetuba, in the interior of Para state; in August 2012 from Abaetetuba municipality, in the northeast of Para state; in January 2010 from the municipality of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro in Amazonas; and in November 2009 from a district of Belem, Para state. Both were probably related to the consumption of acai. In July 2006, an outbreak occurred in Santarem township in western Para state, apparently caused by contaminated bacaba wine. In March 2005, an outbreak of Chagas disease was reported from Santa Catarina in the southern part of the country, an area frequented by international tourists. The outbreak was related to a single roadside stand, which was serving sugar cane juice (garapa) which had been contaminated by feces from triatomid bugs left on the sugar cane. Travelers should beware of consuming homemade juice or wine in Brazil, especially from roadside stands. For further information, go to CDR Weekly and ProMED-mail.

An outbreak of toxoplasmosis was reported from Cuiaba, Brazil, in October 2011, causing 30 cases. The source of the outbreak was not determined, but most outbreaks of toxoplasmosis, which are rare, are related to drinking contaminated water. In January 2002, a toxoplasmosis outbreak occurred in Santa Isabel do Ivai in northwestern Parana state, caused by unfiltered, municipally treated water. See Emerging Infectious Diseases and ProMED-mail (January 12, 2002, and October 9, 2011) for further information. In northern Rio de Janeiro state, the water supplies have been contaminated with toxoplasma oocysts and drinking unfiltered water increases the risk of becoming infected (see Emerging Infectious Diseases). Because toxoplasmosis may cause severe fetal illness, pregnant women traveling to Brazil should make sure they do not drink unfiltered water.

An outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis was reported from Ipanema (Minas Gerais) between September 2009 and January 2010. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection transmitted by sandfly bites. Dogs are the chief reservoir. In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis occurs chiefly in the Northeast. An increased number of human and canine cases were reported from Mato Grosso state in 2008. Four cases were reported from the Federal District in 2008, all in Sobradinho; see ProMED-mail, January 25 and November 30, 2008, and February 11, 20102, and Jorge Arias et al., The Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil (Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 2/No. 2 | April-June 1996). Travelers to affected areas should follow insect precautions, as below.

An increased number of cases of meningococcal meningitis was reported from the state of Bahia in December 2009 and again in December 2011. Details are limited. Pending further information, all travelers to Bahia should receive meningococcal vaccine prior to departure.

An outbreak of Oropouche fever was reported in August 2009 from the municipalitiy of Mazagao in the southern part of the state of Amapa. More than 650 cases were identified (see ProMED-mail, August 8, 2009). Oropouche fever is a viral infection transmitted by biting midges. Symptoms may include fever, headache, rash, and joint and muscle pains, lasting up to seven days. Outbreaks occur chiefly in Para State, mainly in Belem and neighboring areas. The disease is also reported from other Amazonian states, including Amazonas, Amapa, Acre, Rondônia, and Tocantins, as well as non-Amazonian states, including Maranhao in northeastern Brazil and Tocantins in central Brazil. Outbreaks were reported in April–May 2003 in Vila Sansao and Vila Paulo Fontelles in the municipality of Parauapebas, and in July–August 2004 in Vila Tapara in the municipality of Porto de Moz, all in Para State (see Emerging Infectious Diseases). Insect protection measures are recommended for all travelers to Brazil.

A yellow fever outbreak was reported in January 2008, causing 45 confirmed cases and 25 deaths as of June 2008. A majority of the cases occurred in Goias State. Cases were also described in Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Parana, Para, Sao Paulo State, and the Federal District. Following that, two human yellow fever cases were reported in the state of Sao Paulo near the ecologic reserve of Jatai, specifically in the rural areas of Luiz Antonio and Sao Carlos. Additionally, there were two cases of human yellow fever reported from rural areas in central west Parana State (in the rural area of Laranjal). Between December 2008 and April 2009, 20 human cases of yellow fever, nine of them fatal, occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul on the southern tip of the country (see the Brazilian Ministry of Health in Portuguese). Between February and April 2009, 28 cases and 11 deaths were reported from Sao Paulo State (municipalities of Itatinga, Sarutaiá, Buri, and Piraju) (see the Brazilian Ministry of Health in Portuguese). In February 2009, a case was reported from Minas Gerais. For further information, go to ProMED-mail and the Centers for Disease Control.

Yellow fever is a life-threatening viral infection which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Initial symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, backache, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, which usually subside in three or four days. However, after initial improvement, approximately one person in six enters a second, toxic phase characterized by recurrent fever, vomiting, listlessness, jaundice, kidney failure, and hemorrhage, leading to death in up to half of cases. There is no treatment except for supportive care. Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for travelers to all areas of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city of Brasília), Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins, and designated areas of the following states: northwest and west Bahia, central and west Paraná, southwest Piauí, northwest and west central Rio Grande do Sul (including the state capital city of Porto Alegre), far west Santa Catarina, and north and west São Paulo. Insect protection measures, as described below, are also strongly advised. For a map of yellow fever risk in Brazil, go to the CDC website.

For the year 2007, a total of six human cases were reported from four states: Amazonia, Para, Roraima, and Goias (Jatai township). Monkey outbreaks were reported from nine states: Goias, Tocantins, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, South Mato Grosso, South Rio Grande, Piaui, the Federal District, and North Rio Grande (see ProMED-mail). In July 2006, the first yellow fever death in three years was reported from the western state of Mato Grosso. In January 2003, a yellow fever outbreak was reported from Minas Gerais State, resulting in a total of 58 cases by the end of the year. All cases occurred in a localized rural area of San Lucas, in the regional municipality of Diamantina, and in the neighboring cities of Serro, Alvorada, Sabinopolis and Guanhaes in the valley of Jequitinhonha. In addition, four isolated cases were reported the state of Mato Grosso during 2003 (see Pan-American Health Organization, the World Health Organization, Health Canada, ProMED-mail, and the Brazilian Ministry of Health in Portuguese).

A yellow fever outbreak was previously reported from Minas Gerais State in the first three months of 2001, resulting in 32 cases and 16 deaths. Eleven cities in the center-west region were involved. Although a majority of those affected resided in urban areas, all had been exposed to the jungle, where the infection was acquired. None had received yellow fever vaccine prior to becoming infected. In early 2000, a yellow fever outbreak was reported from Chapada Dos Veadeiros National Park in the State of Goias, ultimately spreading to other parts of the country. Before that, an outbreak was reported from the island of Marajo in the State of Para from 1998 through 1999. See EPI Newsletter (PDF) and the World Health Organization for further information.

Outbreaks of dengue fever, a flu-like illness sometimes complicated by hemorrhage or shock, occur regularly in Brazil. As of January-February 2011, outbreaks were being reported from the states of Amazonas, Acre, Ceara, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Alagoas, Rio Grande do Sul, and Rio Grande do Norte. As of March-April 2011, outbreaks were being reported from the states of Amazonas, Parana, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Alagoas, Paraiba, Bahia, Paribo, Piaui, Pernambuco, Acre, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Sergipe, and Para. As of May-June 2011, outbreaks were being reported from the states of Alagoas, Rio Grande do Norte, Minas Gerais, Ceara, Bahia, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Sao Paulo. As of July-August 2011, outbreaks were being reported from the states of Alagoas, Ceara, Parana, and Sao Paulo. Dengue fever is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which bite primarily in the daytime and favor densely populated areas, though they also inhabit rural environments. No vaccine is available at this time. Insect protection measures are strongly advised, as below.

A major dengue outbreak was reported in 2010, causing more than 900,000 cases and 592 deaths by November. More than two-thirds of the cases occurred in six states: Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais in the southeastern region, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goias in the mid-western region, and Acre and Rondonia in the northern region. A total of 27,885 dengue cases and 39 deaths were registered in the state of Rio de Janeiro for the first 11 months of 2010, compared to 12,403 cases and 12 deaths for the same period in 2009. As of October and November 2010, dengue outbreaks were being reported from Amazonas, Goiania, Sao Paulo, Alagoas, Piaui, Campinas, Cearas, and Goias. As of August and September 2010, dengue outbreaks were occurring in the states of Roraima, Sao Paulo, Parana, Goias, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, and Pernambuco. As of June and July 2010, outbreaks were occurring in the states of Roraima, Sao Paulo, Alagoas, Espirito Santo, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, and Rio de Janeiro. As of March and April 2010, outbreaks were occurring in the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Parana, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Acre, Roraima, Alagoas, and Goias, and in the Federal District. Dengue outbreaks were reported from the state of Rondonia in January 2010, from Rondonia, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul in December 2009, from the states of Ceara and Rio Grande do Sul in September 2009, and from the state of Parana in August 2009.

A major dengue outbreak was reported in the first half of 2008. The State of Rio de Janeiro was particularly affected, resulting in almost 250,000 cases and at least 181 deaths by the end of the year (see the World Health Organization and ProMED-mail). Outbreaks were also reported from the states of Rio Grande do Norte (particularly affecting the region of the Grande Natal), Ceara, Bahia, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais, and Para (in the metropolitan region of Belem). For the year 2007, a total of 559,954 cases were reported, including 158 deaths. This represented an increase of approximately 200,000 cases compared to 2006, mostly attributable to epidemics in Mato Grosso do Sul (along the border with Bolivia and Paraguay, countries which also suffered dengue epidemics this year), Parana, Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco. Outbreaks were also reported from Ceara, Sao Paulo, Maranhao, Amazonas, Piaui, Goias, Alagoas, Paraiba, and Rio Grande do Norte. For the year 2006, a total of 346,550 cases and 67 deaths were recorded nationwide, including an outbreak in Ribeirao Preto (Sao Paulo State) that resulted in more than 3000 cases. Compared to 2005, the number of cases rose in Rio and in the states of Recife, Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Norte. A major dengue outbreak began in January 2002, chiefly affecting the state of Rio de Janeiro. More than 780,000 cases of dengue fever were reported for the year, including 2607 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever and 145 deaths. See the World Health Organization and ProMED-mail (February 8 and March 1, 8, 15, 22, and 31, 2002) for details. A large outbreak also occurred in 1998, when more then 500,000 people were affected and all urban areas and all but four states/territories were involved.

An increased number of cases of Mycobacterium fortuitum infections after breast implants was reported in January 2009 from Campinas and Indaiatuba, both in the state of Sao Paulo. An outbreak of M.fortuitum infections after breast implants was also reported from Campinas in 2004. The U.S. State Department advises that "Plastic and other elective/cosmetic surgery is a major medical industry in Brazil. While Brazil has many plastic surgery facilities that are on par with those found in the United States, two U.S. citizens died and one was left in vegetative state from complications following plastic surgery in the past year. U.S. citizens should make sure when arranging such surgery that emergency medical facilities are available, as some "boutique" plastic surgery operations offer luxurious facilities, but are not hospitals and are therefore unable to deal with unforeseen emergencies. Several U.S. citizens have also died while visiting non-traditional healers outside of urban areas."

An increased number of malaria cases caused by Plasmodium vivax was reported for Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the first few months of 2007. Because the overall risk of malaria remains quite low, malaria prophylaxis is not recommended for travelers to Sao Paulo. However, all visitors to Brazil should protect themselves from mosquito bites by applying insect repellent and keeping themselves covered, as below. For further information, go to NATHNAC.

A measles outbreak was reported in January 2007 from Bahia State, Brazil, resulting in 47 cases (see ProMED-mail). All travelers born after 1956 should make sure they have had either two documented MMR or measles immunizations or a blood test showing measles immunity. Those born before 1957 are presumed to be immune. Although measles immunization is usually begun at age 12 months, children between the ages of 6 and 11 months should be given an initial dose of measles or MMR vaccine before traveling to Brazil.

An outbreak of human rabies was reported in October 2005 from rural areas in the northeastern state of Maranhao, causing 23 fatal cases. The outbreak was caused by bites from vampire bats, which proliferated after destruction of local forests. Vampire bats are about the size of a human thumb. In March 2004, a rabies outbreak caused by vampire bats was reported from the city of Portel in the northern state of Pará, resulting in 15 confirmed cases, all of them fatal. The bat attacks occurred mainly during the months of September and October 2003. Most of the affected persons were living in the rural area around the Acuti Pereira River. In May 2004, a vampire bat-related rabies outbreak was reported from Viseu municipality, also in Pará state, causing six deaths. See the Pan-American Health Organization, NATHNAC, Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Eurosurveillance for further information.

An outbreak of diphyllobothriasis, a parasite acquired by eating raw or undercooked fish, was reported from Sao Paulo and Rio in April 2005. One case was identified in a Dutch traveler who had recently visited Brazil. Symptoms of diphyllobothriasis may include abdominal discomfort and diarrhea, sometimes complicated by anemia. In the Brazilian outbreak, most cases appeared to be related to the consumption of raw salmon. Other cases in Brazil have been linked to sushi and sashimi. See ProMED-mail andEmerging Infectious Diseases for further information.

Cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are reported annually from Brazil, mostly from June through August. Cases are reported from all states except those in the northeastern part of the country, with the largest number reported from the states of Parana, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. In the year 2009, fatal cases were reported from Rio Grande do Sul in February and from Parana in July. In the first six months of 2008, a total of 34 cases were identified, of which 17 were fatal. In May-August 2004, an outbreak was reported from the Federal District and from the State of Goiás, resulting in 17 cases and nine deaths from the Federal District and four cases and two deaths from the State of Goiás. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a life-threatening infection which is acquired through exposure to the excretions of wild rodents. The outbreak in 2004 may have been related to an unusually long and intense rainy season (from November to March), leading to an abundance of food for wild rodents. For further information, go to the Pan-American Health Organization and ProMED-mail (June 1, 2003, June 12, 2004, and July 17, 2004, and July 8, 2007). Most travelers are at low risk.

Revisions

<categorytext name="Recentoutbreaks">
 
 Recent outbreaks
 
 Multiple outbreaks of <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/chagas_disease">Chagas disease</a> have recently been reported from the northern Brazilian states of Para, Amazonas, and Amapa, related to consumption of local fruit juices, mainly those made from the berries of the acai and bacaba palms, which have been contaminated by triatomid bugs, which transmit the disease. The most recent were reported in October 2012 from the city of Abaetetuba, in the interior of Para state; in August 2012 from Abaetetuba municipality, in the northeast of Para state; in January 2010 from the municipality of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro in Amazonas; and in November 2009 from a district of Belem, Para state. Both were probably related to the consumption of acai. In July 2006, an outbreak occurred in Santarem township in western Para state, apparently caused by contaminated bacaba wine. In March 2005, an outbreak of Chagas disease was reported from Santa Catarina in the southern part of the country, an area frequented by international tourists. The outbreak was related to a single roadside stand, which was serving sugar cane juice (garapa) which had been contaminated by feces from triatomid bugs left on the sugar cane. Travelers should beware of consuming homemade juice or wine in Brazil, especially from roadside stands. For further information, go to <a href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/cdr/archives/2005/cdr1305.pdf">CDR Weekly</a> and <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>.
 An outbreak of toxoplasmosis was reported from Cuiaba, Brazil, in October 2011, causing 30 cases. The source of the outbreak was not determined, but most outbreaks of toxoplasmosis, which are rare, are related to drinking contaminated water. In January 2002, a toxoplasmosis outbreak occurred in Santa Isabel do Ivai in northwestern Parana state, caused by unfiltered, municipally treated water. See Emerging Infectious Diseases and <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a> (January 12, 2002, and October 9, 2011) for further information. In northern Rio de Janeiro state, the water supplies have been contaminated with toxoplasma oocysts and drinking unfiltered water increases the risk of becoming infected (see Emerging Infectious Diseases). Because toxoplasmosis may cause severe fetal illness, pregnant women traveling to Brazil should make sure they do not drink unfiltered water.
 An outbreak of <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/leishmaniasis">visceral leishmaniasis</a> was reported from Ipanema (Minas Gerais) between September 2009 and January 2010. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection transmitted by sandfly bites. Dogs are the chief reservoir. In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis occurs chiefly in the Northeast. An increased number of human and canine cases were reported from Mato Grosso state in 2008. Four cases were reported from the Federal District in 2008, all in Sobradinho; see <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>, January 25 and November 30, 2008, and February 11, 20102, and Jorge Arias et al., The Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil (Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 2/No. 2 | April-June 1996). Travelers to affected areas should follow insect precautions, as below.
 An increased number of cases of <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/meningococcal">meningococcal meningitis</a> was reported from the state of Bahia in December 2009 and again in December 2011. Details are limited. Pending further information, all travelers to Bahia should receive meningococcal vaccine prior to departure.
 An outbreak of Oropouche fever was reported in August 2009 from the municipalitiy of Mazagao in the southern part of the state of Amapa. More than 650 cases were identified (see <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>, August 8, 2009). Oropouche fever is a viral infection transmitted by biting midges. Symptoms may include fever, headache, rash, and joint and muscle pains, lasting up to seven days. Outbreaks occur chiefly in Para State, mainly in Belem and neighboring areas. The disease is also reported from other Amazonian states, including Amazonas, Amapa, Acre, Rondônia, and Tocantins, as well as non-Amazonian states, including Maranhao in northeastern Brazil and Tocantins in central Brazil. Outbreaks were reported in April–May 2003 in Vila Sansao and Vila Paulo Fontelles in the municipality of Parauapebas, and in July–August 2004 in Vila Tapara in the municipality of Porto de Moz, all in Para State (see Emerging Infectious Diseases). Insect protection measures are recommended for all travelers to Brazil.
 A <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/yellow_fever">yellow fever</a> outbreak was reported in January 2008, causing 45 confirmed cases and 25 deaths as of June 2008. A majority of the cases occurred in Goias State. Cases were also described in Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Parana, Para, Sao Paulo State, and the Federal District. Following that, two human yellow fever cases were reported in the state of Sao Paulo near the ecologic reserve of Jatai, specifically in the rural areas of Luiz Antonio and Sao Carlos. Additionally, there were two cases of human yellow fever reported from rural areas in central west Parana State (in the rural area of Laranjal). Between December 2008 and April 2009, 20 human cases of yellow fever, nine of them fatal, occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul on the southern tip of the country (see the <a href="http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/Boletim_FARS_280409.pdf">Brazilian Ministry of Health</a> in Portuguese). Between February and April 2009, 28 cases and 11 deaths were reported from Sao Paulo State (municipalities of Itatinga, Sarutaiá, Buri, and Piraju) (see the Brazilian Ministry of Health in Portuguese). In February 2009, a case was reported from Minas Gerais. For further information, go to <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a> and the Centers for Disease Control.
 Yellow fever is a life-threatening viral infection which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Initial symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, backache, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, which usually subside in three or four days. However, after initial improvement, approximately one person in six enters a second, toxic phase characterized by recurrent fever, vomiting, listlessness, jaundice, kidney failure, and hemorrhage, leading to death in up to half of cases. There is no treatment except for supportive care. Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for travelers to all areas of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal (including the capital city of Brasília), Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins, and designated areas of the following states: northwest and west Bahia, central and west Paraná, southwest Piauí, northwest and west central Rio Grande do Sul (including the state capital city of Porto Alegre), far west Santa Catarina, and north and west São Paulo. Insect protection measures, as described below, are also strongly advised. For a map of yellow fever risk in Brazil, go to the CDC website.
 For the year 2007, a total of six human cases were reported from four states: Amazonia, Para, Roraima, and Goias (Jatai township). Monkey outbreaks were reported from nine states: Goias, Tocantins, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, South Mato Grosso, South Rio Grande, Piaui, the Federal District, and North Rio Grande (see <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>). In July 2006, the first yellow fever death in three years was reported from the western state of Mato Grosso. In January 2003, a yellow fever outbreak was reported from Minas Gerais State, resulting in a total of 58 cases by the end of the year. All cases occurred in a localized rural area of San Lucas, in the regional municipality of Diamantina, and in the neighboring cities of Serro, Alvorada, Sabinopolis and Guanhaes in the valley of Jequitinhonha. In addition, four isolated cases were reported the state of Mato Grosso during 2003 (see <a href="http://www.paho.org/English/AD/DPC/CD/eid-eer-18-dec-2003.htm">Pan-American Health Organization</a>, the <a href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_01_17/en/index.html">World Health Organization</a>, Health Canada, <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail,</a> and the Brazilian Ministry of Health in Portuguese).
 A yellow fever outbreak was previously reported from Minas Gerais State in the first three months of 2001, resulting in 32 cases and 16 deaths. Eleven cities in the center-west region were involved. Although a majority of those affected resided in urban areas, all had been exposed to the jungle, where the infection was acquired. None had received yellow fever vaccine prior to becoming infected. In early 2000, a yellow fever outbreak was reported from Chapada Dos Veadeiros National Park in the State of Goias, ultimately spreading to other parts of the country. Before that, an outbreak was reported from the island of Marajo in the State of Para from 1998 through 1999. See <a href="http://www.paho.org/english/hvp/hvi/sne2402.pdf">EPI Newsletter</a> (PDF) and the <a href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/">World Health Organization</a> for further information.
 Outbreaks of <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/dengue_fever">dengue fever</a>, a flu-like illness sometimes complicated by hemorrhage or shock, occur regularly in Brazil. As of January-February 2011, outbreaks were being reported from the states of Amazonas, Acre, Ceara, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Alagoas, Rio Grande do Sul, and Rio Grande do Norte. As of March-April 2011, outbreaks were being reported from the states of Amazonas, Parana, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Alagoas, Paraiba, Bahia, Paribo, Piaui, Pernambuco, Acre, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Sergipe, and Para. As of May-June 2011, outbreaks were being reported from the states of Alagoas, Rio Grande do Norte, Minas Gerais, Ceara, Bahia, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Sao Paulo. As of July-August 2011, outbreaks were being reported from the states of Alagoas, Ceara, Parana, and Sao Paulo. Dengue fever is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which bite primarily in the daytime and favor densely populated areas, though they also inhabit rural environments. No vaccine is available at this time. Insect protection measures are strongly advised, as below.
 A major dengue outbreak was reported in 2010, causing more than 900,000 cases and 592 deaths by November. More than two-thirds of the cases occurred in six states: Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais in the southeastern region, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goias in the mid-western region, and Acre and Rondonia in the northern region. A total of 27,885 dengue cases and 39 deaths were registered in the state of Rio de Janeiro for the first 11 months of 2010, compared to 12,403 cases and 12 deaths for the same period in 2009. As of October and November 2010, dengue outbreaks were being reported from Amazonas, Goiania, Sao Paulo, Alagoas, Piaui, Campinas, Cearas, and Goias. As of August and September 2010, dengue outbreaks were occurring in the states of Roraima, Sao Paulo, Parana, Goias, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, and Pernambuco. As of June and July 2010, outbreaks were occurring in the states of Roraima, Sao Paulo, Alagoas, Espirito Santo, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, and Rio de Janeiro. As of March and April 2010, outbreaks were occurring in the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Parana, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Acre, Roraima, Alagoas, and Goias, and in the Federal District. Dengue outbreaks were reported from the state of Rondonia in January 2010, from Rondonia, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul in December 2009, from the states of Ceara and Rio Grande do Sul in September 2009, and from the state of Parana in August 2009.
 A major dengue outbreak was reported in the first half of 2008. The State of Rio de Janeiro was particularly affected, resulting in almost 250,000 cases and at least 181 deaths by the end of the year (see the <a href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/2008_04_10/en/index.html">World Health Organization</a> and <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>). Outbreaks were also reported from the states of Rio Grande do Norte (particularly affecting the region of the Grande Natal), Ceara, Bahia, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais, and Para (in the metropolitan region of Belem). For the year 2007, a total of 559,954 cases were reported, including 158 deaths. This represented an increase of approximately 200,000 cases compared to 2006, mostly attributable to epidemics in Mato Grosso do Sul (along the border with Bolivia and Paraguay, countries which also suffered dengue epidemics this year), Parana, Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco. Outbreaks were also reported from Ceara, Sao Paulo, Maranhao, Amazonas, Piaui, Goias, Alagoas, Paraiba, and Rio Grande do Norte. For the year 2006, a total of 346,550 cases and 67 deaths were recorded nationwide, including an outbreak in Ribeirao Preto (Sao Paulo State) that resulted in more than 3000 cases. Compared to 2005, the number of cases rose in Rio and in the states of Recife, Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Norte. A major dengue outbreak began in January 2002, chiefly affecting the state of Rio de Janeiro. More than 780,000 cases of dengue fever were reported for the year, including 2607 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever and 145 deaths. See the <a href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/2002_05_08/en/index.html">World Health Organization</a> and <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a> (February 8 and March 1, 8, 15, 22, and 31, 2002) for details. A large outbreak also occurred in 1998, when more then 500,000 people were affected and all urban areas and all but four states/territories were involved.
 An increased number of cases of Mycobacterium fortuitum infections after breast implants was reported in January 2009 from Campinas and Indaiatuba, both in the state of Sao Paulo. An outbreak of M.fortuitum infections after breast implants was also reported from Campinas in 2004. The U.S. State Department advises that "Plastic and other elective/cosmetic surgery is a major medical industry in Brazil. While Brazil has many plastic surgery facilities that are on par with those found in the United States, two U.S. citizens died and one was left in vegetative state from complications following plastic surgery in the past year. U.S. citizens should make sure when arranging such surgery that emergency medical facilities are available, as some "boutique" plastic surgery operations offer luxurious facilities, but are not hospitals and are therefore unable to deal with unforeseen emergencies. Several U.S. citizens have also died while visiting non-traditional healers outside of urban areas."
 An increased number of <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/malaria">malaria</a> cases caused by Plasmodium vivax was reported for Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the first few months of 2007. Because the overall risk of malaria remains quite low, malaria prophylaxis is not recommended for travelers to Sao Paulo. However, all visitors to Brazil should protect themselves from mosquito bites by applying insect repellent and keeping themselves covered, as below. For further information, go to NATHNAC.
 A <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/measles">measles</a> outbreak was reported in January 2007 from Bahia State, Brazil, resulting in 47 cases (see <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>). All travelers born after 1956 should make sure they have had either two documented MMR or measles immunizations or a blood test showing measles immunity. Those born before 1957 are presumed to be immune. Although measles immunization is usually begun at age 12 months, children between the ages of 6 and 11 months should be given an initial dose of measles or MMR vaccine before traveling to Brazil.
 An outbreak of <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/rabies">human rabies</a> was reported in October 2005 from rural areas in the northeastern state of Maranhao, causing 23 fatal cases. The outbreak was caused by bites from vampire bats, which proliferated after destruction of local forests. Vampire bats are about the size of a human thumb. In March 2004, a rabies outbreak caused by vampire bats was reported from the city of Portel in the northern state of Pará, resulting in 15 confirmed cases, all of them fatal. The bat attacks occurred mainly during the months of September and October 2003. Most of the affected persons were living in the rural area around the Acuti Pereira River. In May 2004, a vampire bat-related rabies outbreak was reported from Viseu municipality, also in Pará state, causing six deaths. See the <a href="http://www.paho.org/English/AD/DPC/CD/eid-eer-ew.htm">Pan-American Health Organization</a>, NATHNAC, Emerging Infectious Diseases, and <a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2005/051110.asp">Eurosurveillance</a> for further information.
 An outbreak of diphyllobothriasis, a parasite acquired by eating raw or undercooked fish, was reported from Sao Paulo and Rio in April 2005. One case was identified in a Dutch traveler who had recently visited Brazil. Symptoms of diphyllobothriasis may include abdominal discomfort and diarrhea, sometimes complicated by anemia. In the Brazilian outbreak, most cases appeared to be related to the consumption of raw salmon. Other cases in Brazil have been linked to sushi and sashimi. See <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a> andEmerging Infectious Diseases for further information.
 Cases of <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/hantavirus">hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</a> are reported annually from Brazil, mostly from June through August. Cases are reported from all states except those in the northeastern part of the country, with the largest number reported from the states of Parana, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. In the year 2009, fatal cases were reported from Rio Grande do Sul in February and from Parana in July. In the first six months of 2008, a total of 34 cases were identified, of which 17 were fatal. In May-August 2004, an outbreak was reported from the Federal District and from the State of Goiás, resulting in 17 cases and nine deaths from the Federal District and four cases and two deaths from the State of Goiás. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a life-threatening infection which is acquired through exposure to the excretions of wild rodents. The outbreak in 2004 may have been related to an unusually long and intense rainy season (from November to March), leading to an abundance of food for wild rodents. For further information, go to the <a href="http://www.paho.org/English/AD/DPC/CD/eid-eer-ew.htm">Pan-American Health Organization</a> and <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a> (June 1, 2003, June 12, 2004, and July 17, 2004, and July 8, 2007). Most travelers are at low risk.
</categorytext>

Edit Comment

Other Infections You can't Edit

5

Other infections

Plague continues to be reported from Brazil, but is uncommon. A total of four cases were recorded in 1998 and six in 1999, all from Bahia state. The plague is usually transmitted by the bite of rodent fleas. Most travelers are at extremely low risk. Those who may have contact with rodents or their fleas should bring along a bottle of doxycycline, to be taken prophylactically if exposure occurs. Those less than eight years of age or allergic to doxycycline may take trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole instead. To minimize risk, travelers should avoid areas containing rodent burrows or nests, never handle sick or dead animals, and follow insect protection measures, as described below.

Schistosomiasis occurs in almost all states of the Northeast and two states (Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo) in the Southeast. Swimming and bathing precautions are advised, as below.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is reported, but travelers are not at risk unless they have unprotected sexual contacts or receive injections or blood transfusions.

Other infections include

Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis(occurring in suburban areas in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo; has spread recently to the states of Bahia in the northeast, Mato Grosso in the center, and Santa Catarina south of Rio de Janeiro; see ProMED-mail, May 8, 2007)
Brazilian purpuric fever (caused by Hemophilus aegypti; reported in children in the states of Sao Paulo and Pirana in the 1980's)
Leptospirosis (mainly urban areas; chief animal hosts are rodents, dogs, pigs, and mice)
Sporotrichosis (fungal skin infection; frequently transmitted by scratches or bites from infected cats; see Emerging Infectious Diseases)
Brucellosis (the most common animal source is infected cattle; outbreak reported among slaughterhouse workers in Parana in February 2014; see ProMED-mail)
Echinococcus (especially in the southernmost part of the country)
Fascioliasis (sheep-raising areas)
Lymphatic filariasis (mainly in the metropolitan area of Recife, Pernambuco)
Onchocerciasis (reported among the indigenous Yanomami population living along the Venezuelan border, as well as in nearby tribes and non-Indians visiting the area; associated with swift-flowing streams in densely forested highlands)
Mayaro virus disease (mosquito-borne viral infection which occurs in the Amazon region; increased number of cases reported from Manaus in 2011; symptoms include fever, headache, body aches, and joint pains; joint pains may be incapacitating and may last for months, but life-threatening complications are rare; case reported in a French traveler to the Amazon in January 2010)
Hepatitis D (upper Amazon river basin along the Purus and Jurua rivers)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Eastern equine encephalitis
Brazilian spotted fever (identical to Rocky Mountain spotted fever; transmitted by ticks; found chiefly in the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais; also reported from Rio, Espirito Santo, and the southern state of Santa Catarina; cases reported recently from Itaipava, a popular mountain resort next to Rio; two fatal cases reported from Paulinia, Sao Paulo, in August 2012; three cases reported from Piracicaba city in September 2012; fatal case reported in February 2014 from the region of Pampulha in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state; three fatal cases reported from Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, in the first five months of 2014; see ProMED-mail)
Lyme disease (Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Norte, and Santa Catarina states)
Melioidosis (northeastern Brazil; see Emerging Infectious Diseases)
Paracoccioidomycosis
Angiostrongylus meningitis (two cases reported in March 2007 from Espirito Santo; both cases probably related to ingestion of slugs; see ProMED-mail; April 14, 2007)
"Caterpillar plague" (reported from the Amazon delta region between 1983 and 1985 and from southern Brazil in 1995; caused by contact with the larvae (caterpillars) of the butterfly Lamonia achelous, which secrete venom through their skins; the illness is characterized by high fever, bleeding from the nose and ears, kidney failure, and death; the caterpillar is found from December through March)

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) transmission has been eliminated in every state except Bahias and Tocantins through an aggressive program of insecticide spraying.

For an overview, see Emerging Infectious Diseases--Brazil by Dr. Hooman Momen (Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 4./No. 1 January-March 1998).

For in-depth public health information, go to the Pan-American Health Organization.

Revisions

<categorytext name="OtherInfections">
 
 Other infections
 
 
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/plague">Plague</a> continues to be reported from Brazil, but is uncommon. A total of four cases were recorded in 1998 and six in 1999, all from Bahia state. The plague is usually transmitted by the bite of rodent fleas. Most travelers are at extremely low risk. Those who may have contact with rodents or their fleas should bring along a bottle of doxycycline, to be taken prophylactically if exposure occurs. Those less than eight years of age or allergic to doxycycline may take trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole instead. To minimize risk, travelers should avoid areas containing rodent burrows or nests, never handle sick or dead animals, and follow insect protection measures, as described below. 
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a> occurs in almost all states of the Northeast and two states (Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo) in the Southeast. Swimming and bathing precautions are advised, as below.
 
 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is reported, but travelers are not at risk unless they have unprotected sexual contacts or receive injections or blood transfusions.
 Other infections include 
 <ul>
 <li>
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/leishmaniasis">Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis</a>(occurring in suburban areas in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo; has spread recently to the states of Bahia in the northeast, Mato Grosso in the center, and Santa Catarina south of Rio de Janeiro; see <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>, May 8, 2007)</li>
 <li>
 Brazilian purpuric fever (caused by Hemophilus aegypti; reported in children in the states of Sao Paulo and Pirana in the 1980's)</li>
 <li>
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a> (mainly urban areas; chief animal hosts are rodents, dogs, pigs, and mice)</li>
 <li>
 Sporotrichosis (fungal skin infection; frequently transmitted by scratches or bites from infected cats; see Emerging Infectious Diseases)</li>
 <li>
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/brucellosis">Brucellosis</a> (the most common animal source is infected cattle; outbreak reported among slaughterhouse workers in Parana in February 2014; see <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>)</li>
 <li>
 Echinococcus (especially in the southernmost part of the country)</li>
 <li>
 Fascioliasis (sheep-raising areas)</li>
 <li>
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/lymphatic_filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a>
					 (mainly in the metropolitan area of Recife, Pernambuco)</li>
 <li>
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a> (reported among the indigenous Yanomami population living along the Venezuelan border, as well as in nearby tribes and non-Indians visiting the area; associated with swift-flowing streams in densely forested highlands)</li>
 <li>
 Mayaro virus disease (mosquito-borne viral infection which occurs in the Amazon region; increased number of cases reported from Manaus in 2011; symptoms include fever, headache, body aches, and joint pains; joint pains may be incapacitating and may last for months, but life-threatening complications are rare; case reported in a French traveler to the Amazon in January 2010)</li>
 <li>
 Hepatitis D (upper Amazon river basin along the Purus and Jurua rivers)</li>
 <li>
 Venezuelan equine encephalitis
 </li>
 <li>
 Eastern equine encephalitis
 </li>
 <li>
 Brazilian spotted fever (identical to Rocky Mountain spotted fever; transmitted by ticks; found chiefly in the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais; also reported from Rio, Espirito Santo, and the southern state of Santa Catarina; cases reported recently from Itaipava, a popular mountain resort next to Rio; two fatal cases reported from Paulinia, Sao Paulo, in August 2012; three cases reported from Piracicaba city in September 2012; fatal case reported in February 2014 from the region of Pampulha in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state; three fatal cases reported from Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, in the first five months of 2014; see <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>)</li>
 <li>
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/lyme_disease">Lyme disease</a> (Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Norte, and Santa Catarina states) </li>
 <li>
 Melioidosis (northeastern Brazil; see Emerging Infectious Diseases)</li>
 <li>
 Paracoccioidomycosis
 </li>
 <li>
 Angiostrongylus meningitis (two cases reported in March 2007 from Espirito Santo; both cases probably related to ingestion of slugs; see <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">ProMED-mail</a>; April 14, 2007)</li>
 <li>"Caterpillar plague" (reported from the Amazon delta region between 1983 and 1985 and from southern Brazil in 1995; caused by contact with the larvae (caterpillars) of the butterfly Lamonia achelous, which secrete venom through their skins; the illness is characterized by high fever, bleeding from the nose and ears, kidney failure, and death; the caterpillar is found from December through March)</li>
 </ul>
 
				
					Chagas disease
				 (American trypanosomiasis) transmission has been eliminated in every state except Bahias and Tocantins through an aggressive program of insecticide spraying.
 For an overview, see Emerging Infectious Diseases--Brazil by Dr. Hooman Momen (Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 4./No. 1 January-March 1998). 
 For in-depth public health information, go to the <a href="http://www.paho.org/English/DD/AIS/cp_076.htm">Pan-American Health Organization</a>. 
</categorytext>

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Food and Water You can't Edit

6

Food and water precautions

Do not drink tap water unless it has been boiled, filtered, or chemically disinfected. Do not drink unbottled beverages or drinks with ice. Do not eat fruits or vegetables unless they have been peeled or cooked. Avoid cooked foods that are no longer piping hot. Cooked foods that have been left at room temperature are particularly hazardous. Avoid unpasteurized milk and any products that might have been made from unpasteurized milk, such as ice cream. Avoid food and beverages obtained from street vendors. Do not eat raw or undercooked meat or fish, including ceviche. Some types of fish may contain poisonous biotoxins even when cooked. Barracuda in particular should never be eaten. Other fish that may contain toxins include red snapper, grouper, amberjack, and sea bass.

All travelers should bring along an antibiotic and an antidiarrheal drug to be started promptly if significant diarrhea occurs, defined as three or more loose stools in an 8-hour period or five or more loose stools in a 24-hour period, especially if accompanied by nausea, vomiting, cramps, fever or blood in the stool. Antibiotics which have been shown to be effective include ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), rifaximin (Xifaxan), or azithromycin (Zithromax). Either loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate (Lomotil) should be taken in addition to the antibiotic to reduce diarrhea and prevent dehydration.

If diarrhea is severe or bloody, or if fever occurs with shaking chills, or if abdominal pain becomes marked, or if diarrhea persists for more than 72 hours, medical attention should be sought.

Revisions

<categorytext name="FoodandWater">
 
 Food and water precautions
 
 
 Do not drink tap water unless it has been <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/water_purification">boiled, filtered, or chemically disinfected</a>. Do not drink unbottled beverages or drinks with ice. Do not eat fruits or vegetables unless they have been peeled or cooked. Avoid cooked foods that are no longer piping hot. Cooked foods that have been left at room temperature are particularly hazardous. Avoid unpasteurized milk and any products that might have been made from unpasteurized milk, such as ice cream. Avoid food and beverages obtained from street vendors. Do not eat raw or undercooked meat or fish, including ceviche. Some types of fish may contain poisonous biotoxins even when cooked. Barracuda in particular should never be eaten. Other fish that may contain toxins include red snapper, grouper, amberjack, and sea bass.
 All travelers should bring along an antibiotic and an antidiarrheal drug to be started promptly if significant diarrhea occurs, defined as three or more loose stools in an 8-hour period or five or more loose stools in a 24-hour period, especially if accompanied by nausea, vomiting, cramps, fever or blood in the stool. Antibiotics which have been shown to be effective include <a href="http://www.univgraph.com/bayer/inserts/ciprotab.pdf">ciprofloxacin (Cipro)</a>, levofloxacin (Levaquin), <a href="http://www.salix.com/pdf/XifaxanPI.pdf">rifaximin (Xifaxan)</a>, or <a href="http://www.pfizer.com/hml/pi's/zithromaxregpi.html">azithromycin (Zithromax)</a>. Either loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate (Lomotil) should be taken in addition to the antibiotic to reduce diarrhea and prevent dehydration. 
 If diarrhea is severe or bloody, or if fever occurs with shaking chills, or if abdominal pain becomes marked, or if diarrhea persists for more than 72 hours, medical attention should be sought. 
</categorytext>

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Insect Tick Protection You can't Edit

7

Insect and Tick Protection

Wear long sleeves, long pants, hats and shoes (rather than sandals). Apply insect repellents containing 25-50% DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) or 20% picaridin (Bayrepel) to exposed skin (but not to the eyes, mouth, or open wounds). DEET may also be applied to clothing. Products with a lower concentration of either repellent need to be repplied more frequently. Products with a higher concentration of DEET carry an increased risk of neurologic toxicity, especially in children, without any additional benefit. Do not use either DEET or picaridin on children less than two years of age. For additional protection, apply permethrin-containing compounds to clothing, shoes, and bed nets. Permethrin-treated clothing appears to have little toxicity. Don't sleep with the window open unless there is a screen. If sleeping outdoors or in an accommodation that allows entry of mosquitoes, use a bed net, preferably impregnated with insect repellent, with edges tucked in under the mattress. The mesh size should be less than 1.5 mm. If the sleeping area is not otherwise protected, use a mosquito coil, which fills the room with insecticide through the night.

To prevent sandfly bites, follow the same precautions as for mosquito bites, except that netting must be finer-mesh (at least 18 holes to the linear inch) since sandflies are smaller.

Revisions

<categorytext name="InsectTickProtection">
 
 Insect and Tick Protection
 
 
 Wear long sleeves, long pants, hats and shoes (rather than sandals). Apply <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/insect_repellents">insect repellents</a> containing 25-50% DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) or 20% picaridin (Bayrepel) to exposed skin (but not to the eyes, mouth, or open wounds). DEET may also be applied to clothing. Products with a lower concentration of either repellent need to be repplied more frequently. Products with a higher concentration of DEET carry an increased risk of neurologic toxicity, especially in children, without any additional benefit. Do not use either DEET or picaridin on children less than two years of age. For additional protection, apply permethrin-containing compounds to clothing, shoes, and bed nets. Permethrin-treated clothing appears to have little toxicity. Don't sleep with the window open unless there is a screen. If sleeping outdoors or in an accommodation that allows entry of mosquitoes, use a bed net, preferably impregnated with insect repellent, with edges tucked in under the mattress. The mesh size should be less than 1.5 mm. If the sleeping area is not otherwise protected, use a mosquito coil, which fills the room with insecticide through the night. 
 To prevent sandfly bites, follow the same precautions as for mosquito bites, except that netting must be finer-mesh (at least 18 holes to the linear inch) since sandflies are smaller.
</categorytext>

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Swimming and Bathing You can't Edit

8

Swimming and bathing precautions

Avoid swimming, wading, or rafting in bodies of fresh water, such as lakes, ponds, streams, or rivers. Do not use fresh water for bathing or showering unless it has been heated to 150 degrees F for at least five minutes or held in a storage tank for at least three days. Toweling oneself dry after unavoidable or accidental exposure to contaminated water may reduce the likelihood of schistosomiasis, but does not reliably prevent the disease and is no substitute for the precautions above. Chlorinated swimming pools are considered safe.

General Advice You can't Edit

9

General advice

Bring adequate supplies of all medications in their original containers, clearly labeled. Carry a signed, dated letter from the primary physician describing all medical conditions and listing all medications, including generic names. If carrying syringes or needles, be sure to carry a physician's letter documenting their medical necessity.Pack all medications in hand luggage. Carry a duplicate supply in the checked luggage. If you wear glasses or contacts, bring an extra pair. If you have significant allergies or chronic medical problems, wear a medical alert bracelet.

Make sure your health insurance covers you for medical expenses abroad. If not, supplemental insurance for overseas coverage, including possible evacuation, should be seriously considered. If illness occurs while abroad, medical expenses including evacuation may run to tens of thousands of dollars. For a list of travel insurance and air ambulance companies, go to Medical Information for Americans Traveling Abroad on the U.S. State Department website. Bring your insurance card, claim forms, and any other relevant insurance documents. Before departure, determine whether your insurance plan will make payments directly to providers or reimburse you later for overseas health expenditures. The Medicare and Medicaid programs do not pay for medical services outside the United States.

Pack a personal medical kit, customized for your trip (see description). Take appropriate measures to prevent motion sickness and jet lag, discussed elsewhere. On long flights, be sure to walk around the cabin, contract your leg muscles periodically, and drink plenty of fluids to prevent blood clots in the legs. For those at high risk for blood clots, consider wearing compression stockings.

Avoid contact with stray dogs and other animals. If an animal bites or scratches you, clean the wound with large amounts of soap and water and contact local health authorities immediately. Wear sun block regularly when needed. Use condoms for all sexual encounters. Ride only in motor vehicles with seat belts. Do not ride on motorcycles.

Revisions

<categorytext name="GeneralAdvice">
 
 General advice
 
 
 Bring adequate supplies of all medications in their original containers, clearly labeled. Carry a signed, dated letter from the primary physician describing all medical conditions and listing all medications, including generic names. If carrying syringes or needles, be sure to carry a physician's letter documenting their medical necessity.Pack all medications in hand luggage. Carry a duplicate supply in the checked luggage. If you wear glasses or contacts, bring an extra pair. If you have significant allergies or chronic medical problems, wear a medical alert bracelet. 
 Make sure your health insurance covers you for medical expenses abroad. If not, supplemental insurance for overseas coverage, including possible evacuation, should be seriously considered. If illness occurs while abroad, medical expenses including evacuation may run to tens of thousands of dollars. For a list of travel insurance and air ambulance companies, go to Medical Information for Americans Traveling Abroad on the U.S. State Department website. Bring your insurance card, claim forms, and any other relevant insurance documents. Before departure, determine whether your insurance plan will make payments directly to providers or reimburse you later for overseas health expenditures. The Medicare and Medicaid programs do not pay for medical services outside the United States.
 Pack a personal <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/medical_kit">medical kit</a>, customized for your trip (see description). Take appropriate measures to prevent <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/motion_sickness">motion sickness</a> and <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/jet_lag">jet lag</a>, discussed elsewhere. On long flights, be sure to walk around the cabin, contract your leg muscles periodically, and drink plenty of fluids to prevent <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/deep_vein_thrombosis">blood clots</a> in the legs. For those at high risk for blood clots, consider wearing compression stockings.
 Avoid contact with stray dogs and other animals. If an animal bites or scratches you, clean the wound with large amounts of soap and water and contact local health authorities immediately. Wear sun block regularly when needed. Use condoms for all sexual encounters. Ride only in motor vehicles with seat belts. Do not ride on motorcycles.
 

</categorytext>

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Ambulance You can't Edit

10

Ambulance and Emergency Services

For a public ambulance anywhere in Brazil, call 192. For a private ambulance in Sao Paulo, call the Albert Einstein Hospital at 3747-1000 or 3747-1100 or the Samaritan Hospital at 3824-5000 or 3824-0022. For a private ambulance in Rio, call Copacabana at 2257-3848 or Pró-Cardíaco (private cardiac hospital) at 2527-6060. For a private ambulance in Brasilia, call Vida Ambulance at 3248-3030.

Medical Facilities You can't Edit

11

Medical facilities

Good medical care is available in the major cities. In Sao Paulo, the Albert Einstein Hospital is regularly used by U.S. Government personnel and other expatriates (Av. Albert Einstein, 627/701 - Morumbi - São Paulo - SP - CEP 05651-901 - tel. 55-11-3747-1301 or 1233; website http://www.einstein.br/ingles; offers broad range of state-of-the-art specialty services). Another option in Sao Paulo is the Samaritan Hospital (Hospital Samaritano - Rua Conselheiro Brotero, 1486 - Higienópolis - São Paulo - SP - CEP 01232-010; tel. (11) 3821-5300; website http://www.samaritano.com.br/). Both are accredited by the Joint Commission International and the Consortium for Brazilian Accreditation. Travelers in Sao Paulo can also receive quality care at FreireZaini MT (Rua Mairinque, 267 - Vila Mariana -SP CEP 04037-020 - SP; tel. 5511 55753632).

In Rio, many expatriates go to Hospital Samaritano (Rua Bambina 98, Botafogo; tel. 2537-9722) or Pró-Cardíaco, which specializes in cardiac care but offers other specialty services (Rua Dona Mariana 219, Botafogo; tel. 2537-4242, ambulance tel. 2527-6060; website http://www.procardiaco.com.br/). In Curtiba, medical care for travelers is provided by Travel Clin, which includes both an internist and a pediatrician (Rua da Paz, 195 conj. 319, Alto Da XV, Curitiba-PR, CEP 80060-160; ph. 55-41-3019-2474 (afternoons); email travelclin@travelclin.com.br; website http://www.travelclin.com.br). In Fortaleza, 24-hour medical care is provided by SAT Emergencia Medicas (Av. Senador Virgílio Távora 2225 Aldeota - Fortaleza 60170-251 Fortaleza-CE; ph. 55-85-4009-0909; website www.gruposat.com.br).

For a guide to other physicians and hospitals, go to the U.S. Embassy website (click on U.S. Citizen Services from the menu at the top). Medical facilities outside the major cities may vary in quality. The costs of medical treatment are considerably higher in Brazil than in most parts of the United States for similar care or treatment. Most physicians and hospitals expect payment at time of service.

The U.S. State Department advises that "Plastic and other elective/cosmetic surgery is a major medical industry in Brazil. While Brazil has many plastic surgery facilities that are on par with those found in the United States, two U.S. citizens died and one was left in vegetative state from complications following plastic surgery in the past year. U.S. citizens should make sure when arranging such surgery that emergency medical facilities are available, as some "boutique" plastic surgery operations offer luxurious facilities, but are not hospitals and are therefore unable to deal with unforeseen emergencies. Several U.S. citizens have also died while visiting non-traditional healers outside of urban areas."

Revisions

<categorytext name="MedicalFacilities">
 
 Medical facilities
 
 Good medical care is available in the major cities. In Sao Paulo, the Albert Einstein Hospital is regularly used by U.S. Government personnel and other expatriates (Av. Albert Einstein, 627/701 - Morumbi - São Paulo - SP - CEP 05651-901 - tel. 55-11-3747-1301 or 1233; website http://www.einstein.br/ingles; offers broad range of state-of-the-art specialty services). Another option in Sao Paulo is the Samaritan Hospital (Hospital Samaritano - Rua Conselheiro Brotero, 1486 - Higienópolis - São Paulo - SP - CEP 01232-010; tel. (11) 3821-5300; website http://www.samaritano.com.br/). Both are accredited by the Joint Commission International and the Consortium for Brazilian Accreditation. Travelers in Sao Paulo can also receive quality care at FreireZaini MT (Rua Mairinque, 267 - Vila Mariana -SP
CEP 04037-020 - SP; tel. 5511 55753632). 
 In Rio, many expatriates go to Hospital Samaritano (Rua Bambina 98, Botafogo; tel. 2537-9722) or Pró-Cardíaco, which specializes in cardiac care but offers other specialty services (Rua Dona Mariana 219, Botafogo; tel. 2537-4242, ambulance tel. 2527-6060; website http://www.procardiaco.com.br/). In Curtiba, medical care for travelers is provided by Travel Clin, which includes both an internist and a pediatrician (Rua da Paz, 195 conj. 319, Alto Da XV, Curitiba-PR, CEP 80060-160; ph. 55-41-3019-2474 (afternoons); email travelclin@travelclin.com.br; website http://www.travelclin.com.br). In Fortaleza, 24-hour medical care is provided by SAT Emergencia Medicas (Av. Senador Virgílio Távora 2225 Aldeota - Fortaleza 60170-251 Fortaleza-CE; ph. 55-85-4009-0909; website www.gruposat.com.br). 
 For a guide to other physicians and hospitals, go to the <a href="http://www.embaixadaamericana.org.br/">U.S. Embassy</a> website (click on U.S. Citizen Services from the menu at the top). Medical facilities outside the major cities may vary in quality. The costs of medical treatment are considerably higher in Brazil than in most parts of the United States for similar care or treatment. Most physicians and hospitals expect payment at time of service.
 The U.S. State Department advises that "Plastic and other elective/cosmetic surgery is a major medical industry in Brazil. While Brazil has many plastic surgery facilities that are on par with those found in the United States, two U.S. citizens died and one was left in vegetative state from complications following plastic surgery in the past year. U.S. citizens should make sure when arranging such surgery that emergency medical facilities are available, as some "boutique" plastic surgery operations offer luxurious facilities, but are not hospitals and are therefore unable to deal with unforeseen emergencies. Several U.S. citizens have also died while visiting non-traditional healers outside of urban areas."
</categorytext>

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Pharmacies You can't Edit

12

Pharmacies

Most Brazilian pharmacies are well-supplied. Each is staffed by a licensed pharmacist. Many medications that require a prescription in Europe and North America are available over-the-counter in Brazil. Droga Raia is a large, reputable pharmacy chain; many stores are open 24 hours (see their website at http://www.drogaraia.com.br/ for locations).

Travel with children You can't Edit

13

Traveling with children

Make sure you have the names and contact information for qualified medical personnel in Brazil before you go abroad (see the U.S. Embassy website).

In general, the recommendations for infants and young children are the same as those for adults, except that certain vaccines and medications should not be administered to this age group. Most importantly, yellow fever vaccine is not approved for use in those under age nine months. Unless there is an extraordinary need to do so, children less than nine months of age should not be brought to areas where yellow fever occurs.

The recommendations for malaria prophylaxis are the same for young children as for adults, except that (1) dosages are lower; and (2) doxycycline should be avoided. DEET-containing insect repellents are not advised for children under age two, so it's particularly important to keep children in this age group well-covered to protect them from mosquito bites.

Food and water precautions, which are recommended for all travelers, must be strictly followed at all times, because diarrhea is especially dangerous in this age group and because the vaccines for hepatitis A and typhoid fever are not approved for children less than two years of age.

All children should be up-to-date on routine childhood immunizations, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Children who are 12 months or older should receive a total of 2 doses of MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine, separated by at least 28 days, before international travel. Children between the ages of 6 and 11 months should be given a single dose of measles vaccine. MMR vaccine may be given if measles vaccine is not available, though immunization against mumps and rubella is not necessary before age one unless visiting a country where an outbreak is in progress. Children less than one year of age may also need to receive other immunizations ahead of schedule (see the accelerated immunization schedule).

Revisions

<categorytext name="Travelwithchildren">
 
 Traveling with children
 
 Make sure you have the names and contact information for qualified medical personnel in Brazil before you go abroad (see the <a href="http://portuguese.brazil.usembassy.gov/">U.S. Embassy</a> website).
 In general, the recommendations for infants and young children are the same as those for adults, except that certain vaccines and medications should not be administered to this age group. Most importantly, <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/yellow_fever">yellow fever</a> vaccine is not approved for use in those under age nine months. Unless there is an extraordinary need to do so, children less than nine months of age should not be brought to areas where yellow fever occurs.
 The recommendations for <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/malaria">malaria</a> prophylaxis are the same for young children as for adults, except that (1) dosages are lower; and (2) doxycycline should be avoided. DEET-containing insect repellents are not advised for children under age two, so it's particularly important to keep children in this age group well-covered to protect them from mosquito bites.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/food_water">Food and water precautions</a>, which are recommended for all travelers, must be strictly followed at all times, because diarrhea is especially dangerous in this age group and because the vaccines for <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/hepatitis_a">hepatitis A</a> and <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/typhoid_fever">typhoid fever</a> are not approved for children less than two years of age.
 All children should be up-to-date on routine childhood immunizations, as recommended by the <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5751a5.htm">American Academy of Pediatrics</a>. Children who are 12 months or older should receive a total of 2 doses of MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine, separated by at least 28 days, before international travel. Children between the ages of 6 and 11 months should be given a single dose of measles vaccine. MMR vaccine may be given if measles vaccine is not available, though immunization against mumps and rubella is not necessary before age one unless visiting a country where an outbreak is in progress. Children less than one year of age may also need to receive other immunizations ahead of schedule (see the accelerated immunization schedule).
</categorytext>

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Travel and pregnancy You can't Edit

14

Travel and pregnancy

International travel should be avoided by pregnant women with underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure, or a history of complications during previous pregnancies, such as miscarriage or premature labor. For pregnant women in good health, the second trimester (18–24 weeks) is probably the safest time to go abroad and the third trimester the least safe, since it's far better not to have to deliver in a foreign country.

Before departure, make sure you have the names and contact information for physicians, clinics, and hospitals where you can obtain emergency obstetric care if necessary (see the U.S. Embassy website). In general, pregnant women should avoid traveling to countries which do not have modern facilities for the management of premature labor and other complications of pregnancy.

Yellow fever vaccine, which consists of live virus, should not in general be given to pregnant women. Unless absolutely necessary, pregnant women should not travel to areas where yellow fever occurs.

Pregnant women should also avoid areas where malaria is transmitted. Malaria may cause life-threatening illness in both the mother and the unborn child. None of the currently available prophylactic medications is 100% effective. If travel to malarious areas is unavoidable, insect protection measures must be strictly followed at all times. The recommendations for DEET-containing insect repellents are the same for pregnant women as for other adults. Of the currently available drugs for malaria prophylaxis, Mefloquine (Lariam) may be given if necessary in the second and third trimesters, but should be avoided in the first trimester. There are no data regarding the safety of atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) during pregnancy, so the drug should be avoided pending further information. Doxycycline may interfere with fetal bone development and should not be given during pregnancy.

Strict attention to food and water precautions is especially important for the pregnant traveler because some infections, such as listeriosis and toxoplasmosis, have grave consequences for the developing fetus. Additionally, many of the medications used to treat travelers' diarrhea may not be given during pregnancy. Quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and levofloxacin (Levaquin), should not be given because of concern they might interfere with fetal joint development. Data are limited concerning trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but the drug should probably be avoided during pregnancy, especially the first trimester. Options for treating travelers' diarrhea in pregnant women include azithromycin and third-generation cephalosporins. For symptomatic relief, the combination of kaolin and pectin (Kaopectate; Donnagel) appears to be safe, but loperamide (Imodium) should be used only when necessary. Adequate fluid intake is essential.

Revisions

<categorytext name="Travelandpregnancy">
 
 Travel and pregnancy
 
 International travel should be avoided by pregnant women with underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure, or a history of complications during previous pregnancies, such as miscarriage or premature labor. For pregnant women in good health, the second trimester (18–24 weeks) is probably the safest time to go abroad and the third trimester the least safe, since it's far better not to have to deliver in a foreign country.
 Before departure, make sure you have the names and contact information for physicians, clinics, and hospitals where you can obtain emergency obstetric care if necessary (see the <a href="http://portuguese.brazil.usembassy.gov/">U.S. Embassy</a> website). In general, pregnant women should avoid traveling to countries which do not have modern facilities for the management of premature labor and other complications of pregnancy.
 
 <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/yellow_fever">Yellow fever</a> vaccine, which consists of live virus, should not in general be given to pregnant women. Unless absolutely necessary, pregnant women should not travel to areas where yellow fever occurs.
 Pregnant women should also avoid areas where <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/malaria">malaria</a> is transmitted. Malaria may cause life-threatening illness in both the mother and the unborn child. None of the currently available prophylactic medications is 100% effective. If travel to malarious areas is unavoidable, insect protection measures must be strictly followed at all times. The recommendations for DEET-containing insect repellents are the same for pregnant women as for other adults. Of the currently available drugs for malaria prophylaxis, Mefloquine (Lariam) may be given if necessary in the second and third trimesters, but should be avoided in the first trimester. There are no data regarding the safety of atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) during pregnancy, so the drug should be avoided pending further information. Doxycycline may interfere with fetal bone development and should not be given during pregnancy.
 Strict attention to <a href="/mdtravelhealth/resource/food_water">food and water precautions</a> is especially important for the pregnant traveler because some infections, such as listeriosis and toxoplasmosis, have grave consequences for the developing fetus. Additionally, many of the medications used to treat travelers' diarrhea may not be given during pregnancy. Quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and levofloxacin (Levaquin), should not be given because of concern they might interfere with fetal joint development. Data are limited concerning trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but the drug should probably be avoided during pregnancy, especially the first trimester. Options for treating travelers' diarrhea in pregnant women include azithromycin and third-generation cephalosporins. For symptomatic relief, the combination of kaolin and pectin (Kaopectate; Donnagel) appears to be safe, but loperamide (Imodium) should be used only when necessary. Adequate fluid intake is essential.
</categorytext>

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Maps You can't Edit

15

Maps

Helpful maps are available in the University of Texas Perry-Castaneda Map Collection and the United Nations map library. If you have the name of the town or city you'll be visiting and need to know which state or province it's in, you might find your answer in the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.

Embassy You can't Edit

16

Embassy/Consulate Location

(reproduced from the U.S. State Dept. Consular Information Sheet)

Americans living in or visiting Brazil are encouraged to register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulates in Brazil and obtain updated information on travel and security within Brazil. The U.S. Embassy is located in Brasilia at Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, telephone 011-55-61-321-7272, after-hours telephone 011-55-61-321-8230; web site at http//www.embaixada-americana.org.br. Consular Section public hours are 8:00 a.m.-12:00 noon and 1:30 p.m.-4:00 p.m., Monday through Friday except Brazilian and American holidays. There are consulates in the following cities:

Rua Goncalves Maia 163, telephone 011-55-81-3421-2441, after-hours telephone 011-55-3421-2641; web site at http://www.consulado-americano.org.br. Consular Section public hours are 8:00am-12noon and 1:00pm-4:00pm Monday through Friday except Brazilian and American holidays.

Avenida Presidente Wilson 147, telephone 011-55-21-2292-7117, after-hours 011-55-21-2220-0489; web site at http://www.consulado-americano-rio.org.br. Consular Section public hours are 8:30am-11:00am and 1:00pm-3:00pm, Monday through Friday except Brazilian and American holidays.

Rua Padre Joao Manoel 933, telephone 011-55-11-3081-6511, after-hours telephone 011-55-113064-6355; web site at http://www.amcham.com.br/consulate. Consular Section public hours are 8:30am-11:00am, Monday through Friday and 2:00pm-3:30pm Monday, Wednesday, and Friday except Brazilian and American holidays.

There are Consular Agencies in:

Belem: Rua Oswaldo Cruz 165; telephone 011-55-91-242-7815.

Manaus: Rua Recife 1010, Adrianopolis; telephone 011-55-92-633-4907.

Salvador da Bahia: Rua Pernambuco, 51, Pituba; telephone 011-55-71-345-1545 and 011-55-71-345-1548.

Forteleza: The Instituto Cultural Brasil-Estados Unidos (IBEU), Rua Nogueira Acioly 891, Aldeota; telephone 011-55-85-252-1539.

Porto Alegre: The Instituto Cultural Brasil-Norteamericano, Rua Riachuelo, 1257, Centro; telephone 011-55-512-225-2255.

Revisions

<categorytext name="Embassy">
 
 Embassy/Consulate Location
 
 (reproduced from the U.S. State Dept. Consular Information Sheet)
 Americans living in or visiting Brazil are encouraged to register at the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or Consulates in Brazil and obtain updated information on travel and security within Brazil. The U.S. Embassy is located in Brasilia at Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, telephone 011-55-61-321-7272, after-hours telephone 011-55-61-321-8230; web site at http//www.embaixada-americana.org.br. Consular Section public hours are 8:00 a.m.-12:00 noon and 1:30 p.m.-4:00 p.m., Monday through Friday except Brazilian and American holidays. There are consulates in the following cities:
 Rua Goncalves Maia 163, telephone 011-55-81-3421-2441, after-hours telephone 011-55-3421-2641; web site at http://www.consulado-americano.org.br. Consular Section public hours are 8:00am-12noon and 1:00pm-4:00pm Monday through Friday except Brazilian and American holidays.
 Avenida Presidente Wilson 147, telephone 011-55-21-2292-7117, after-hours 011-55-21-2220-0489; web site at http://www.consulado-americano-rio.org.br. Consular Section public hours are 8:30am-11:00am and 1:00pm-3:00pm, Monday through Friday except Brazilian and American holidays.
 Rua Padre Joao Manoel 933, telephone 011-55-11-3081-6511, after-hours telephone 011-55-113064-6355; web site at http://www.amcham.com.br/consulate. Consular Section public hours are 8:30am-11:00am, Monday through Friday and 2:00pm-3:30pm Monday, Wednesday, and Friday except Brazilian and American holidays.
 There are Consular Agencies in:
 Belem: Rua Oswaldo Cruz 165; telephone 011-55-91-242-7815.
 Manaus: Rua Recife 1010, Adrianopolis; telephone 011-55-92-633-4907.
 Salvador da Bahia: Rua Pernambuco, 51, Pituba; telephone 011-55-71-345-1545 and 011-55-71-345-1548.
 Forteleza: The Instituto Cultural Brasil-Estados Unidos (IBEU), Rua Nogueira Acioly 891, Aldeota; telephone 011-55-85-252-1539.
 Porto Alegre: The Instituto Cultural Brasil-Norteamericano, Rua Riachuelo, 1257, Centro; telephone 011-55-512-225-2255.
</categorytext>

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Safety Information You can't Edit

17

Safety information

For information on safety and security, go to the U.S. Department of State, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Foreign Affairs Canada, and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

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