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Russia Travel Health Information
Read below for travel health advice on Russia from the MDtravelhealth channel on Red Planet Travel.
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Summary You can't Edit
1Summary of recommendations
Most travelers to Russia will need vaccinations for hepatitis A and typhoid fever, as well as medications for travelers' diarrhea. All travelers should be up-to-date on tetanus-diphtheria vaccination. Other immunizations may be necessary depending upon the circumstances of the trip and the medical history of the traveler, as discussed below. All travelers should visit either a travel health clinic or their personal physician 4-8 weeks before departure.
Vaccinations:
Tetanus-diphtheria For all travelers who have not received a tetanus-diphtheria immunization within the last 10 years. Hepatitis A Recommended for all travelers Polio One-time booster recommended for any adult traveler who completed the childhood series but never had polio vaccine as an adult Typhoid For travelers who may eat or drink outside major restaurants and hotels Japanese encephalitis For long-term (>1 month) travelers to rural areas in the far eastern maritime areas south of Khabarousk. Hepatitis B Recommended for all travelers Rabies For travelers spending a lot of time outdoors, or at high risk for animal bites, or involved in any activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) Two doses recommended for all travelers born after 1956, if not previously given Influenza Recommended for all travelers from November through April -
Medications You can't Edit
2Medications
Travelers' diarrhea is the most common travel-related ailment. The cornerstone of prevention is food and water precautions, as outlined below. All travelers should bring along an antibiotic and an antidiarrheal drug to be started promptly if significant diarrhea occurs, defined as three or more loose stools in an 8-hour period or five or more loose stools in a 24-hour period, especially if associated with nausea, vomiting, cramps, fever or blood in the stool. A quinolone antibiotic is usually prescribed: either ciprofloxacin (Cipro)(PDF) 500 mg twice daily or levofloxacin (Levaquin) 500 mg once daily for a total of three days. Quinolones are generally well-tolerated, but occasionally cause sun sensitivity and should not be given to children, pregnant women, or anyone with a history of quinolone allergy. Alternative regimens include a three day course of rifaximin (Xifaxan) 200 mg three times daily or azithromycin (Zithromax) 500 mg once daily. Rifaximin should not be used by those with fever or bloody stools and is not approved for pregnant women or those under age 12. Azithromycin should be avoided in those allergic to erythromycin or related antibiotics. An antidiarrheal drug such as loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate (Lomotil) should be taken as needed to slow the frequency of stools, but not enough to stop the bowel movements completely. Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and loperamide (Imodium) should not be given to children under age two.
Most cases of travelers' diarrhea are mild and do not require either antibiotics or antidiarrheal drugs. Adequate fluid intake is essential.
If diarrhea is severe or bloody, or if fever occurs with shaking chills, or if abdominal pain becomes marked, or if diarrhea persists for more than 72 hours, medical attention should be sought.
Though effective, antibiotics are not recommended prophylactically (i.e. to prevent diarrhea before it occurs) because of the risk of adverse effects, though this approach may be warranted in special situations, such as immunocompromised travelers.
Malaria in Russia: rare local cases reported near the border with Azerbaijan.
- Insect protection measures
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Immunizations You can't Edit
3Immunizations
The following are the recommended vaccinations for Russia:
Tetanus - diphtheria vaccine is recommended for all adults who have not received a tetanus-diphtheria immunization within the last 10 years. In the 1990s, a massive diphtheria epidemic occurred in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union (see CR Vitek and M Wharton, Emerging Infectious Diseases). Cases of diphtheria have been reported among U.S. citizens who have traveled to this area.
Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all travelers over one year of age. It should be given at least two weeks (preferably four weeks or more) before departure. A booster should be given 6-12 months later to confer long-term immunity. Two vaccines are currently available in the United States: VAQTA (Merck and Co., Inc.) (PDF) and Havrix (GlaxoSmithKline) (PDF). Both are well-tolerated. Side-effects, which are generally mild, may include soreness at the injection site, headache, and malaise.
Older adults, immunocompromised persons, and those with chronic liver disease or other chronic medical conditions who have less than two weeks before departure should receive a single intramuscular dose of immune globulin (0.02 mL/kg) at a separate anatomic injection site in addition to the initial dose of vaccine. Travelers who are less than one year of age or allergic to a vaccine component should receive a single intramuscular dose of immune globulin (see hepatitis A for dosage) in the place of vaccine.
Typhoid vaccine is recommended for all travelers, with the exception of short-term visitors who restrict their meals to major restaurants and hotels, such as business travelers and cruise passengers. It is generally given in an oral form (Vivotif Berna) consisting of four capsules taken on alternate days until completed. The capsules should be kept refrigerated and taken with cool liquid. Side-effects are uncommon and may include abdominal discomfort, nausea, rash or hives. The alternative is an injectable polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi; Aventis Pasteur Inc.) (PDF), given as a single dose. Adverse reactions, which are uncommon, may include discomfort at the injection site, fever and headache. The oral vaccine is approved for travelers at least six years old, whereas the injectable vaccine is approved for those over age two. There are no data concerning the safety of typhoid vaccine during pregnancy. The injectable vaccine (Typhim Vi) is probably preferable to the oral vaccine in pregnant and immunocompromised travelers.
Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all travelers if not previously vaccinated. Two vaccines are currently licensed in the United States: Recombivax HB (Merck and Co., Inc.) (PDF) and Engerix-B (GlaxoSmithKline) (PDF). A full series consists of three intramuscular doses given at 0, 1 and 6 months. Engerix-B is also approved for administration at 0, 1, 2, and 12 months, which may be appropriate for travelers departing in less than 6 months. Side-effects are generally mild and may include discomfort at the injection site and low-grade fever. Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) occur rarely.
Rabies vaccine is recommended for travelers spending a lot of time outdoors, for travelers at high risk for animal bites, such as veterinarians and animal handlers, for long-term travelers and expatriates, and for travelers involved in any activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats. Children are considered at higher risk because they tend to play with animals, may receive more severe bites, or may not report bites. A complete preexposure series consists of three doses of vaccine injected into the deltoid muscle on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28. Side-effects may include pain at the injection site, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, muscle aches, dizziness, or allergic reactions.
Any animal bite or scratch should be thoroughly cleaned with large amounts of soap and water and local health authorities should be contacted immediately for possible post-exposure treatment, whether or not the person has been immunized against rabies.
Japanese encephalitis vaccine is recommended only for long-term (1 month) travelers to rural areas in the far eastern maritime areas south of Khabarousk. The vaccine is also recommended for short-term travelers to this area if they engage in extensive unprotected outdoor activities, especially in the evening. Transmission is by mosquito bites and peaks from July through September.
Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JE-VAX; Aventis Pasteur Inc.) (PDF) is given as a series of three injections on days 0, 7 and 30. If time is short, the third dose may be given on day 14. Mild side effects, including fever, headache, muscle aches, malaise and soreness at the injection site, occur in about 20% of those vaccinated. Serious allergic reactions including urticaria, angioedema, respiratory distress and anaphylaxis are reported in approximately 0.6% of vaccinees and may occur as long as one week after vaccination. Any person who receives the vaccine should be observed in the doctor's office for at least 30 minutes following the injection and should complete the full series at least 10 days before departure. There are no data concerning the safety of Japanese encephalitis vaccine during pregnancy. In addition to vaccination, strict attention to insect protection measures is essential for anyone at risk.
Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine may be considered for long-term travelers who expect to be visiting rural or forested areas in the spring or summer. The incidence is highest in the Ural region (Udmurtia Republic, Sverdlovsk and Primorsk oblasts), West Siberia (especially Tomsk Oblast), and East Siberia (especially Krasnojarsk krai). Two vaccines have been developed: TicoVac, also known as FSME Immun (Baxter AG), which is manufactured in Austria, and Encepur (Chiron Behring), which is made in Germany. The vaccines are approved for use in a number of European countries, but not the United States. A full series consists of three doses over a one-year period, which is not practical for most travelers, though limited data indicate that Encepur may be given in an accelerated schedule for faster immunity. Tick precautions, as discussed below, are strongly advised.
Polio immunization is recommended, due to recent reports of a small number of polio cases in Russia (see "Recent outbreaks" below). Any adult who received the recommended childhood immunizations but never received a booster as an adult should be given a single dose of inactivated polio vaccine. All children should be up-to-date in their polio immunizations and any adult who never completed the initial series of immunizations should do so before departure. Side-effects are uncommon and may include pain at the injection site. Since inactivated polio vaccine includes trace amounts of streptomycin, neomycin and polymyxin B, individuals allergic to these antibiotics should not receive the vaccine
Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine: two doses are recommended (if not previously given) for all travelers born after 1956, unless blood tests show immunity. Many adults born after 1956 and before 1970 received only one vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella as children and should be given a second dose before travel. MMR vaccine should not be given to pregnant or severely immunocompromised individuals.
Influenza vaccine is recommended for all travelers during flu season, which runs from November through April. Influenza vaccine may cause soreness at the injection site, low-grade fevers, malaise, and muscle aches. Severe reactions are rare. Influenza vaccine should not be given to pregnant women during the first trimester or those allergic to eggs.
Polio vaccine is generally not recommended for any traveler who completed the recommended childhood immunizations, due to the rarity of the illness. A single dose of inactivated polio vaccine might be considered for extended travel east of the Urals
Cholera vaccine is not generally recommended, even though cholera occurs in Russia, because most travelers are at low risk for infection. Two oral vaccines have recently been developed: Orochol (Mutacol), licensed in Canada and Australia, and Dukoral, licensed in Canada, Australia, and the European Union. These vaccines, where available, are recommended only for high-risk individuals, such as relief workers, health professionals, and those traveling to remote areas where cholera epidemics are occurring and there is limited access to medical care. The only cholera vaccine approved for use in the United States is no longer manufactured or sold, due to low efficacy and frequent side-effects.
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Recent outbreaks of diseases You can't Edit
4Recent outbreaks
A total of 222 cases of measles was reported from Russia in the year 2011, almost a third of them in Dagestan. In January 2012, a measles outbreak was reported from St. Petersburg, causing hundreds of cases. In February 2007, a measles outbreak occurred in Vyksa, in the Nizhny Novgorod region (see ProMED-mail; March 8, 2007, and January 1 and February 4, 2012). All travelers born after 1956 should make sure they have had either two documented measles immunizations or a blood test showing measles immunity. This does not apply to people born before 1957, who are presumed to be immune to measles. Although measles immunization is usually begun at age 12 months, consider giving an initial dose of measles vaccine to children between the ages of 6 and 11 months who will be traveling to Russia. Measles vaccine should not be given to pregnant or severely immunocompromised individuals.
An outbreak of West Nile virus infections was reported from central Russia in August 2010, chiefly involving Volvograd. As of September 23, a total of 480 cases had been described: 393 in Volvograd oblast, 53 in Rostov oblast, 25 in Voronezh, 6 in Astrakhan and one each in Kalmykia, Krasnodar and Chelyabinsk. At least five of the cases were fatal. A total of 61 cases were reported from Volgograd oblast between July and November 2011 (see ProMED-mail). West Nile virus is carried by Culex mosquitoes, which breed in stagnant water and are most active after dusk. In Russia, transmission reaches a peak between July and September. Most cases occur in southern Russia, especially the Volgograd and Astrakhan Regions. Cases are also reported from the Rostov, Krasnodar and Stavrapol Regions. A major outbreak was reported from the Astrakhan region in September 2005 (see Emerging Infectious Diseases). Insect protection measures, as described below, are advised for outdoors activities after sundown in the late summer and early fall.
A total of 14 cases of polio were reported from Russia in the first nine months of 2010, possibly related to a polio outbreak in neighboring Tajikistan. Cases have been reported in Moscow, as well as Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, and Khabarovsk regions, Chechen Republic, and Republic of Dagestan. Six of the cases occurred in the North Caucasus Federal Region (Dagestan and Chechnya), suggesting limited transmission there. The other eight cases appeared to represent sporadic importations. Polio immunization is recommended for travel to Russia.
An increased number of cases of hepatitis A was reported from Moscow in the first three months of 2010, probably related to contaminated tap water (see ProMED-mail, April 29, 2010). An outbreak of hepatitis A was reported from Novosibirsk in November 2011, causing more than 50 cases. Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all travelers to Russia, and tap water should not be ingested.
An outbreak of hepatitis A was reported in September 2005 from the Nizhniy Novgorod region, chiefly the city of Nizhniy Novgorod (known as Gorky in the Soviet period), especially the Sormovskiy district of the city. Cases were also reported from Balakhna and Dzerzhinsk, to the north and west of Nizhniy Novgorod, respectively. As of late November, more than 2000 people had been affected. The outbreak was thought to be related to delayed repair of a network of waterpipes, though this remains uncertain. See the National Travel Health Network and Centre and ProMED-mail for further information. In June 2005, a hepatitis A outbreak was reported from the southwest district of the Tver region, chiefly the cities of Rzhev, Zubtsov and Olenino. As of late June, almost 700 cases had been reported. See ProMED-mail and National Travel Health Network and Centre for details. A smaller outbreak, totaling about 200 cases, was reported from the city of Ufa in April-May 2009.
An outbreak of chickenpox (varicella) was reported from the Ryazan region in May 2009, resulting in more than 2300 cases (see ProMED-mail, May 8, 2009). All travelers to the Ryazan region who never had chickenpox should make sure they are immunized against this disease.
An outbreak of psittacosis was reported in January 2009 from the Petuhovsky district of the Kurgan region, caused by illegally smuggled parrots and canaries. A total of 21 cases were identified, all of whom required hospitalization but none in serious condition. Psittacosis is a respiratory infection caused by Chlamydophila psittaci, which humans acquire by inhaling dust containing the bacterium, which is shed in the feces of infected birds. Only those with direct exposure to infected birds and their secretions sare at risk.
An outbreak of enteroviral infections, half of them complicated by meningitis, was reported from Vladivostok in August 2008. Enteroviruses are spread by direct contact with the respiratory secretions or feces of an infected person. No travel precautions are recommended except for careful attention to hand washing and personal hygiene, especially after using the toilet, before eating, and after changing diapers. The chief symptoms of meningitis are fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to bright light, drowsiness or confusion, and nausea and vomiting. Anyone who develops these symptoms should immediately seek medical attention. In August 2006, an outbreak of viral meningitis was reported from the the Khabarovsk territory in the Russian Far East, affecting more than 1400 people, most of them children under 14 years of age. Two different enteroviruses were isolated from patients: echovirus-6 and echovirus-30 (see ProMED-mail, August 30 and September 1, 2006, and August 31, 2008).
Cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are reported annually from the Southern Federal District, chiefly the Rostov, Volgograd, Astrakhan, and Stavropol regions, and the Republics of Bashkortostan, Dagestan, Kalmykia, and Ingushetia. The incidence usually peaks in the spring and early summer. The number of cases has been rising, which may be due to insufficient expenditure on measures to control exposure of cattle and other livestock to tick infestation. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a life-threatening viral infection which is usually transmitted by ticks who have been feeding on infected animals (less commonly by direct contact with infected animals or rarely by exposure to an infected person). Initial symptoms may include fever, muscle aches, backache, joint pains, headaches, dizziness, and light sensitivity. Complications may result from hemorrhage into the skin, intestine, or other sites. Most cases occur in farm workers, who often remove ticks from farm animals without protecting themselves. Most travelers are at low risk. Tick precautions are recommended for all travelers to southern Russia.
In June 2014, six cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever were reported from the Volgograd region. Two cases were reported from Dagestan between April and June 2014. Two fatal cases were reported from Rostov in June 2014. In May 2014, nine laboratory-confirmed cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever were reported from the Rostov oblast, and three from Stavropol. In May 2013, seven cases were reported from Rostov and the first case of the year was reported from Volgograd. Three cases were reported from the Rostov oblast in May 2011. As of July 2010, the year-long total of cases was 25 in Stavropol, 11 in Rostov, three in Astrakhan, and three in Volgograd. As of August 2009, two cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (one fatal) had been reported from Volgograd for the year. As of June 2009, a total of 23 cases had been reported from Stavropol for the year. For 2008, a total of 80 cases and six fatalities were recorded from Stavropol, which represented a significant increase over previous years. As of July 2008, more than 400 cases had been recorded for Bashkortostan and 53 for Rostov (chiefly the Orlov, Martinov, and Zimovnikov districts). For the year 2007, a total of 224 cases had been recorded by August, compared to 191 cases during the same period in 2006. By region, a total of 63 cases were registered in the Republic of Kalmykia (65 in 2006), 53 in the Rostov region (52 in 2006), 58 cases in the Stavropol region (40 in 2006), 28 cases in the Volgograd region (16 in 2006), 19 in the Astrakhan region (15 in 2006), one in the Republic of Karachaevo-Cherkessia (none in 2006), one in the Republic of Ingushetia (none in 2006), and one in the Republic of Dagestan (3 in 2006). In the year 2006, the number of cases in the Southern Federal District was substantially higher than in 2005 and the incidence was highest in the Republic of Kalmykia. In recent years, the number of cases has been increasing in the Yaroslavl region. For further information, see ProMED-mail.
An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease was reported in July 2007 from the town of Verkhnyaya Pyshma in the Urals region, apparently related to contamination of the hot water supply after routine maintenance in the local thermal plant. A total of 130 cases and five deaths were identified. See ProMED-mail for details. Legionnaires' disease is a bacterial infection which typically causes pneumonia but may also involve other organ systems. The disease is usually transmitted by airborne droplets from contaminated water sources, such as cooling towers, air conditioners, whirlpools, and showers. Legionnaires' disease is not transmitted from person-to-person.
More cases of tick-borne encephalitis have been reported in recent years, especially among urban residents, and their severity has been greater. Several factors appear to be responsible, including reduced use of pesticides and acaricides, increased recreational travel to forested areas, and insufficient vaccination of the population at risk. In most years, the incidence is highest in the Ural region (Udmurtia Republic, Sverdlovsk and Primorsk oblasts), West Siberia (especially Tomsk Oblast), and East Siberia (especially Krasnojarsk krai) (see EpiNorth and Eurosurveillance).
Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral infection of the central nervous system transmitted by tick bites, usually after travel to rural or forested areas in the spring or summer. The infection may also be acquired by ingesting unpasteurized dairy products, including goat milk. The disease typically begins as a flu-like illness, including fever, headache, and vomiting, followed by the development of neurologic symptoms. Neurologic damage may be permanent, causing chronic headaches, difficulty concentrating, muscle weakness or loss of balance. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine should be considered for long-term travelers who expect to be visiting rural or forested areas in the spring or summer. The vaccine has been approved for use in many European countries, but not the United States. Tick precautions are strongly advised, as below.
In August 2014, cases of tick-borne encephalitis were reported from Perm, from Chelyabinsk region, from the Sverdlovsk region, and from the Republic of Buryatia. In the first half of 2011, a total of 49 confirmed cases, three of them fatal, were reported from Novosibirsk oblast. A total of 249 deaths were caused by tick-borne encephalitis nationwide in the first half of 2010. A total of 74 cases were reported from Chelyabinsk oblast in September 2010. In the first eight months of 2010, 81 cases were reported from Tyumen oblast, compared to 45 cases for the same period in 2009. In June 2010, nine cases of tick-borne encephalitis were registered in Vologda Oblast and three cases in Omsk Oblast.
As of August 2009, a total of 123 cases, one of them fatal, had been reported for the year from Novosibirsk Oblast, and a total of 46 cases had been reported from the Republic of Udmurtia. In June 2009, an outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis was reported from Sverdlovskaya Oblast, causing 222 cases and four deaths by the end of the year. At around the same time, an outbreak was reported from Chelyabinsk Oblast, causing 20 confirmed cases and one death (see ProMED-mail, June 6 and July 31, 2009). As of October 2008, a total of 85 cases had been reported for the year from the Perm Krai region. As of July 2008, a total of 67 laboratory-confirmed cases (one of them fatal) had been reported for the year in Kemerovo Oblast. By comparison, only 64 cases were reported from Kemerovo for all of 2007. For the year 2007, a total of 2124 suspected cases of tick-borne encephalitis (1588 confirmed) had been recorded by August 6, roughly 30% more than during the corresponding period in 2006. The largest numbers of cases (laboratory confirmed in brackets) were recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Krai - 325 (180), the Altay Krai - 118 (43), the Novosibirsk Region - 127 (127), the Perm Krai - 106 (78), the Sverdlovsk Region - 118 (118), the Tomsk Region - 92 (89), the Archangelsk Region - 88 (43), the Kirovskaya Region - 78 (68), the Kemerovo Region - 99 (96), the Tyumen Region - 62 (35), and the Republic of Altay - 56 (46). Cases were also reported from the St. Petersburg region and the Maritime Province (see ProMED-mail, October 24, 2006; June 24 and 28, July 9 and 14, and August 10 and 30, 2007). In July 2007, an outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis related to contaminated goat milk was reported from the Vologda region.
Outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) occur regularly in Russia, especially in the Privolzhskiy Federal District (chiefly the Mariy El, Bashkortostan, Udmurtiya, and Tatarstan Republics, which are located within the Privolzhskiy Federal District). The number of cases generally peaks every 3 years. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is caused by a hantavirus and is acquired by exposure to rodent excreta, often by the aerosol route. The infection is not transmitted from person-to-person. Most cases occur in late autumn and early winter, when the rodents move into human dwellings. Cases also occur in the spring and summer, when people go into their gardens and visit the countryside and forests. Most travelers are at low risk for infection.
In the first eight months of 2014, there were 134 cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Saratov region. Six cases were reported from Belgorod in the first half of 2014, and 67 cases were reported from Udmurtia in the first two months of 2014. A total of 70 cases were reported from the Udmurtia region in the first five months of 2011, and more than 200 cases were reportedfrom Udmurtia in July and August 2011. Twelve cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was reported from Tatarstan in a single week in November 2010, probably signifying the start of the annual epidemic season. A total of 10 cases were reported from Moscow oblast in the first half of 2010. A total of 60 cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome were reported from the Ashinsky region between November 2009 and January 2010, about three times the number reported during the same period one year before. There were 188 cases of HFRS reported from the Yaroslavl oblast for the year 2009, about one-third more than in 2008, and the high rate of infection appeared to be continuing into 2010. For the first half of 2009, a total of 675 cases were reported from the Bashkortostan Republic. For the first seven months of 2009, a total of 306 cases were recorded in the Republic of Udmurtiya. During the first five months of 2009, more than 120 cases were reported from the Penza region. For the first quarter of 2009, a total of 44 cases were recorded in the Republic of Mariy-El, about seven times the number reported during the same period the previous year. An increased number of cases was also reported in April 2009 from the Orenburg Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan.
Outbreaks of HFRS were reported in September 2008 from Samara Oblast and Mariy El Republic. An increased number of cases was reported from Tatarstan in July 2008, causing more than 100 cases by late September. Chiefly affected were the cities of Kazan and Naberejniye Chelni and the districts of Agrizskiy, Almetyevskiy, Leninogorskiy, Nijnekamskiy, Nurlatskiy, Pestrechinskiy, Ribno-Slobodskiy and Tyulaychinskiy. In March 2007, a rise in cases was reported from the Central Federal Region, including the regions of Lipetsk, Voronej, Tambov, and Ryazan. Cases were also reported from the Central Federal Region in November 2008. In late 2006, a marked increase was reported from the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Chuvashia and the Orenburg regions, and the Voronezh region in central Russia. See ProMED-mail for details of these outbreaks.
Outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza ("bird flu") were reported in August 2005 from poultry farms in many parts of the country, including Altai Territory, Tiumen Region, Omsk Region, Kurgan Region, Chelyabinsk Region, and Novosibirsk Region. Poultry outbreaks continue to be reported, most recently from the Krasnodar region in September 2007, the Rostov region in December 2007, and the far east region of Primorye in April 2008. No human cases have been reported from Russia to date.
Most travelers are at extremely low risk for avian influenza, since almost all human cases in other countries have occurred in those who have had direct contact with live, infected poultry, or sustained, intimate contact with family members suffering from the disease. The Centers for Disease Control does not advise against travel to Russia, but recommends that travelers to affected areas should avoid exposure to live poultry, including visits to poultry farms and open markets with live birds; should not touch any surfaces that might be contaminated with feces from poultry or other animals; and should make sure all poultry and egg products are thoroughly cooked. A vaccine for avian influenza was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but produces adequate antibody levels in fewer than half of recipients and is not commercially available. The vaccines for human influenza do not protect against avian influenza. Anyone who develops fever and flu-like symptoms after travel to Russia should seek immediate medical attention, which may include testing for avian influenza. It is not recommended that travelers bring along an antiviral medication, such as Tamiflu, or treat themselves. For further information, go to the World Health Organization, Health Canada, the Centers for Disease Control, and ProMED-mail.
The number of cases of meningococcal meningitis in Moscow was approximately twice as great in the year 2003 as it had been the previous year. A total of 273 cases and 24 deaths were reported as of October 2003. Most cases occurred in children. No institutional or family outbreaks were identified. The city health authorities responded by ordering a mass vaccination campaign. As of April 2004, it appeared that the number of cases had significantly fallen. Meningococcal vaccine is no longer recommended for travelers to Moscow. For further information, go to Eurosurveillance, Health Canada, and the National Travel Health Network and Centre.
A small cholera outbreak was reported from Kazan in the Republic of Tatarstan in July 2001. See ProMED-mail (July 31 and August 2, 2001) for details. A previous outbreak occurred in the southern part of the Republic of Dagestan during the first half of October 1998, resulting in eight cases. Cholera vaccine is not recommended for most travelers, as discussed above.
Eight young children in Vladivostok became ill after playing with discarded ampules of smallpox vaccine, which is made from vaccinia virus, not smallpox virus. See Disease Outbreak News (June 20, 2000) for further information.
An increase in the number of cases of pertussis (whooping cough) was reported from St. Petersburg in the 1990s, related to low levels of pertussis immunization among young children. The number of cases appeared to be falling by the end of the decade as vaccination rates improved. For further information, go to EpiNorth.
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Other Infections You can't Edit
5Other infections
- Yersiniosis (caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis; symptoms include fever and right lower abdominal pain similar to appendicitis; school outbreaks reported due to contaminated food; outbreaks reported in July 2008 at a kindergarten in Krasnoyarsk; in September 2007 among schoolchildren in Noviy Urengoy in western Siberia; in July 2007 from a psychoneurological hostel and a summer camp, both in the Khabarovsk region; and in April 2007 from Megion; see ProMED-mail, May 1, August 3, and October 1, 2007); increased number of cases reported from Novosibirsk in 2006)
- Lyme disease (widespread in Russia; highest incidence in the Ural and Northwest federal okrugs; increased number of cases reported for Kaluga oblast in February 2010; for the Pskov Region in 2006; for St. Petersburg area, see EpiNorth; for Arkhangelsk province, go to EpiNorth)
- Malaria (reported chiefly from Moscow and neighboring districts; see Roll Back Malaria for further information; malaria prophylaxis not recommended at present)
- Rabies (10 human cases reported nationwide in first 10 months of 2011, three of them in the Tver region; 11 human cases in the first eight months of 2010: 3 cases in Astrakhan Oblast, 2 cases in Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast, one each in the Republic of Karelia and the Dagestan, Samara, Ulyanovsk and Chelyabinsk Oblasts and the Jewish Autonomous Okrug; outbreak among foxes reported from the left bank of the Uglichesky district in June 2009; increased number of animal rabies cases reported from the Rostov region in June 2007 and the Republic of Udmurtia in December 2006; 22 deaths from rabies reported nationwide in 2001, ten of them in the Northern Osetia (Alania) and Dagestan Republics; see ProMED-mail and EpiNorth)
- Anthrax (outbreak reported in September 2012 from Druzhba village, Altai, and in September 2010 among farm workers in Krasnodar territory, in the southern part of the country; two cases reported in August 2010 from the North Caucasus Republic of Dagestan; cases reported from Astrakhan in September 2008; outbreak reported from the Republic of Bashkortostan in the south west Urals in August 2008 after consumption of infected horse meat; sheep outbreak reported in July 2008 from Buryatia in eastern Siberia, causing eight human cases; outbreaks linked to ingestion of meat from privately raised cattle reported in June and July 1998, causing 15 cases and 2 deaths; see ProMED-mail)
- Shigellosis (see ProMED-mail May 10, 2001)
- Giardiasis (parasitic intestinal infection; most common symptoms are bloating and diarrhea)
- Brucellosis (chiefly the Caucasian districts; rising incidence reported from Tuva in November 2011 and from Dagestan in December 2011; outbreak reported in June 2009 from Lyubinskiy and Sherbakulskiy districts in Zameletenovka, Astrahanovka, Chadskoye, and Sherbakul villages; cases also reported recently from the federal province of Altai in Siberia; cattle, sheep, and goats are the most common sources of infection in Russia)
- Leptospirosis (high incidence reported in Murmansk region 1995-6 due to outbreak among dogs)
- Epidemic louse-borne typhus
- HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) (travelers not at risk unless they have unprotected sexual contacts or receive injections or blood transfusions)
- Siberian tick typhus (east and central Siberia; 52 suspected cases reported from the Altai region in the first four months of 2009; see ProMED-mail, May 8, 2009)
- Tick-borne encephalitis (chiefly the Siberian and Ural regions)
- Tick-borne relapsing fever (southern Russia)
- Trichinellosis (widespread in Russia, most often related to pork products; outbreak of 19 cases reported from Norilsk in October 2012, all related to meat bought at a stall in the local market; four cases reported from the Altay Republic in October 2011; outbreak from badger meat reported in November 2009 from Voronezh Oblast; outbreaks caused by consumption of bear meat reported from the Kemerovo region in October 2009 and November 2008 and from Siberia in September 2008, June 2008, February 2006, and November 2003; outbreak caused by eating walrus meat reported in September 2008 from Chukchi autonomous district in arctic eastern Siberia; outbreak associated with badger meat reported in February 2004; see ProMED-mail)
- Opisthorchiasis (highest prevalence in the Tyumen, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, and Altay regions; parasitic infection which involves the biliary tract; acquired by eating raw or undercooked fish; causative organism found in the rivers Ob, Irtysh, Dnepr, Donets, Volga, Kama, and Neman; highest incidence along the middle and lower parts of the rivers Irtysh and Ob; see ProMED-mail, May 6 and 29, 2007)
- Astrakhan fever (transmitted by ticks)
- Omsk hemorrhagic fever (tick-borne; forest steppe regions of western Siberia)
- Spotted fever (chiefly the Russian Far East; rickettsial infection, transmitted by ticks; see Emerging Infectious Diseases)
- Powassan virus encephalitis (tick-borne; rare)
- Tularemia (transmitted by ticks; most cases occur in the the Northern, Central, and Western Siberian areas of Russia; especially common among hunters; outbreak reported in August 2007 from the settlement of Berezovo in the Khanti-Mansiysky autonomous region)
- Botulism (cases associated with consumption of dried and smoked fish and with home-tinned vegetables, frequently in the Rostov region and other areas in the southern steppes; also caused by homemade salted and preserved fish in Siberia; see ProMED-mail, November 9, 2006; July 15, 2007; and February 11, May 16, and July 28, 2008)
- Toxocariasis (parasitic infection carried by wild and domestic animals, especially dogs and cats, and shed in their feces; those at greatest risk include young children, veterinarians, hunters, and nursery workers; increase in number of cases reported from Tumen region in 2006; see ProMED-mail, December 5, 2006)
- Dirofilariasis (rare; two human cases reported from the Kirov region in April 2008; six cases reported from Novgorod Region bwteen November 2010 and November 2011; see ProMED-mail, April 8, 2008, and November 22, 2011)
- Echinococcosis (increased number of cases reported from Bashkiria in December 2008; those in close contact with cattle, sheep, and other farm animals are at highest risk)
For detailed statistics regarding many infectious diseases, go to EpiNorth (click on EpiData from the menu on the left).
For a review of the epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in 2001, go to EpiNorth. For a review of tick-and animal-borne infections in the Republic of Karelia, go to EpiNorth.
All travelers to the Urals and Western Siberia regions are strongly urged to read Medical Information on the website of the U.S. Consulate General in Yekaterinburg.
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Food and Water You can't Edit
6Food and water precautions
Do not drink tap water unless it has been boiled, filtered, or chemically disinfected. Do not drink unbottled beverages or drinks with ice. Do not eat fruits or vegetables unless they have been peeled or cooked. Avoid cooked foods that are no longer piping hot. Cooked foods that have been left at room temperature are particularly hazardous. Avoid unpasteurized milk and any products that might have been made from unpasteurized milk, such as ice cream. Avoid food and beverages obtained from street vendors. Do not eat raw or undercooked meat or fish. Some types of fish may contain poisonous biotoxins even when cooked. Barracuda in particular should never be eaten. Other fish that may contain toxins include red snapper, grouper, amberjack, and sea bass.
All travelers should bring along an antibiotic and an antidiarrheal drug to be started promptly if significant diarrhea occurs, defined as three or more loose stools in an 8-hour period or five or more loose stools in a 24-hour period, especially if accompanied by nausea, vomiting, cramps, fever or blood in the stool. Antibiotics which have been shown to be effective include ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), rifaximin (Xifaxan), or azithromycin (Zithromax). Either loperamide (Imodium) or diphenoxylate (Lomotil) should be taken in addition to the antibiotic to reduce diarrhea and prevent dehydration.
If diarrhea is severe or bloody, or if fever occurs with shaking chills, or if abdominal pain becomes marked, or if diarrhea persists for more than 72 hours, medical attention should be sought.
Thousands of people are poisoned every year by contaminated, illegal alcohol. Do not drink any alcoholic beverage unless known to be produced by a reputable manufacturer.
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Insect Tick Protection You can't Edit
7Insect and Tick Protection
Wear long sleeves, long pants, and boots, with pants tucked in when traveling to rural or forested areas. Apply insect repellents containing 25-50% DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) or 20% picaridin (Bayrepel) to exposed skin (but not to the eyes, mouth, or open wounds). DEET may also be applied to clothing. Products with a lower concentration of either repellent need to be repplied more frequently. Products with a higher concentration of DEET carry an increased risk of neurologic toxicity, especially in children, without any additional benefit. Do not use either DEET or picaridin on children less than two years of age. For additional protection, apply permethrin-containing compounds to clothing and shoes. Permethrin-treated clothing appears to have little toxicity. Perform a thorough tick check at the end of each day with the assistance of a friend or a full-length mirror. Ticks should be removed with tweezers, grasping the tick by the head. Many tick-borne illnesses can be prevented by prompt tick removal.
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General Advice You can't Edit
8General advice
Bring adequate supplies of all medications in their original containers, clearly labeled. Carry a signed, dated letter from the primary physician describing all medical conditions and listing all medications, including generic names. If carrying syringes or needles, be sure to carry a physician's letter documenting their medical necessity.Pack all medications in hand luggage. Carry a duplicate supply in the checked luggage. If you wear glasses or contacts, bring an extra pair. If you have significant allergies or chronic medical problems, wear a medical alert bracelet.
Make sure your health insurance covers you for medical expenses abroad. If not, supplemental insurance for overseas coverage, including possible evacuation, should be seriously considered. If illness occurs while abroad, medical expenses including evacuation may run to tens of thousands of dollars. For a list of travel insurance and air ambulance companies, go to Medical Information for Americans Traveling Abroad on the U.S. State Department website. Bring your insurance card, claim forms, and any other relevant insurance documents. Before departure, determine whether your insurance plan will make payments directly to providers or reimburse you later for overseas health expenditures. The Medicare and Medicaid programs do not pay for medical services outside the United States.
Pack a personal medical kit, customized for your trip (see description). Take appropriate measures to prevent motion sickness and jet lag, discussed elsewhere. On long flights, be sure to walk around the cabin, contract your leg muscles periodically, and drink plenty of fluids to prevent blood clots in the legs. For those at high risk for blood clots, consider wearing compression stockings.
Avoid contact with stray dogs and other animals. If an animal bites or scratches you, clean the wound with large amounts of soap and water and contact local health authorities immediately. Wear sun block regularly when needed. Use condoms for all sexual encounters. Ride only in motor vehicles with seat belts. Do not ride on motorcycles.
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Ambulance You can't Edit
9Ambulance and Emergency Services
In Moscow and most other areas, call 03 for a public ambulance. In general, the private ambulances are better equipped and respond faster. For a guide to these services, see the U.S. consular websites listed below.
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Medical Facilities You can't Edit
10Medical facilities
For a guide to physicians, clinics, hospitals, and emergency services in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Yekaterinburg (Urals and Western Siberia), go to the U.S. consular websites for those cities.
In general, medical care is below Western standards. Many facilities are poorly equipped. Essential medications and supplies may not be available. Elective surgery requiring blood transfusions should not be performed in Russia, due to uncertainties concerning the blood supply. Travelers to remote regions should bring a supply of sterile, disposable syringes, with a doctor's note explaining their necessity. Most doctors and hospitals will expect payment in cash, regardless of whether you have travel health insurance. Serious medical problems will require air evacuation to a country with state-of-the-art medical facilities.
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Travel with children You can't Edit
11Traveling with children
Before you leave, make sure you have the names and contact information for physicians, clinics, and hospitals where you can obtain emergency medical care if needed.
All children should be up-to-date on routine childhood immunizations, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Children who are 12 months or older should receive a total of 2 doses of MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine, separated by at least 28 days, before international travel. Children between the ages of 6 and 11 months should be given a single dose of measles vaccine. MMR vaccine may be given if measles vaccine is not available, though immunization against mumps and rubella is not necessary before age one unless visiting a country where an outbreak is in progress. Children less than one year of age may also need to receive other immunizations ahead of schedule (see the accelerated immunization schedule).
When traveling with young children, be particularly careful about what you allow them to eat and drink (see food and water precautions), because diarrhea can be especially dangerous in this age group and because the vaccines for hepatitis A and typhoid fever, which are transmitted by contaminated food and water, are not approved for children under age two.
Be sure to pack a medical kit when traveling with children. In addition to the items listed for adults, bring along plenty of disposable diapers, cream for diaper rash, oral replacement salts, and appropriate antibiotics for common childhood infections, such as middle ear infections.
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Travel and pregnancy You can't Edit
12Travel and pregnancy
International travel should be avoided by pregnant women with underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure, or a history of complications during previous pregnancies, such as miscarriage or premature labor. For pregnant women in good health, the second trimester (18–24 weeks) is probably the safest time to go abroad and the third trimester the least safe, since it's far better not to have to deliver in a foreign country.
Before departure, make sure you have the names and contact information for physicians, clinics, and hospitals where you can obtain emergency obstetric care if necessary. In general, pregnant women should avoid traveling to countries which do not have modern facilities for the management of premature labor and other complications of pregnancy.
Strict attention to food and water precautions is especially important for the pregnant traveler because some infections, such as listeriosis, have grave consequences for the developing fetus. Additionally, many of the medications used to treat travelers' diarrhea may not be given during pregnancy. Adequate fluid intake is essential.
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Maps You can't Edit
13Maps
Helpful maps are available in the University of Texas Perry-Castaneda Map Collection and the United Nations map library. If you have the name of the town or city you'll be visiting and need to know which state or province it's in, you might find your answer in the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.
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Embassy You can't Edit
14Embassy/Consulate Location
(reproduced from the U.S. State Dept. Consular Information Sheet)
Americans living or traveling in Russia are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate through the State Department's travel registration website, https://travelregistration.state.gov, and to obtain updated information on travel and security within Russia. Americans without Internet access may register directly with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate. By registering, American citizens make it easier for the Embassy or Consulate to contact them in case of emergency.
The U.S. Embassy's consular section is located in Moscow at Novinskiy Bulvar 19/23; The Embassy's switchboard is 7 (095) 728-5000, American Citizen Service's tel: (7) (095) 728-5000, after-hours emergencies: (7) (095) 728-5000, fax: (7) (095) 728-5084, email: consulmo@state.gov, and website: http://www.usembassy.ru.
U.S. Consulates General are located in:
St. Petersburg
15 Ulitsa Furshtadtskaya, St. Petersburg 191028 Tel: (7) (812) 331-2600 Fax: (7) (812) 331-2646 Email: acsstpete@state.gov. Website: http://www.stpetersburg-usconsulate.ru/
Vladivostok
32 Ulitsa Pushkinskaya, Vladivostok 690001 Tel: (7) (4232) 30-00-70 Fax: (7) (4232) 30-00-91 After-hours emergencies: (7) (4232) 71 00 67 E-mail: conssect@gin.ru Website: http://vladivostok.usconsulate.gov
Yekaterinburg
Ulitsa Gogolya 15a, 4th floor, Yekaterinburg 620151; Tel: (7) (343)379-3001 Fax: (7) (343) 379-4515 After-hours emergencies: (7) 8 902 84 16653 Email: consulyekat@state.gov Website: http://www.usa.ural.ru
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Safety Information You can't Edit
15Safety information
For information on safety and security, go to the U.S. Department of State, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Foreign Affairs Canada, and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
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Related Pages
Check out our page on Russia for information on how to get there, accommodation, video and reviews.
Medical Clinics
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Magadan OblastFull DetailsMagadan Oblast, Russia, 686117
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ul. PrechistenkaFull Detailsul. Prechistenka, 6, Moskva, Russia, 119034
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Oktyabr'skaya UlitsaFull DetailsOktyabr'skaya Ulitsa, 263, Tbilisskaya, Krasnodarskiy kray, Russia, 352360
Hotels near Russia
- Rus Hotel This hotel is located in a green area of Ust-Ilimsk and overlooks the Angara River. A spa centre with an indoor pool and a sauna is featured at Rus Hotel. The bright hotel rooms offer warm-coloured interiors and classic-style décor.
- Losenok Resort Losenok Resort is located in taiga, in ecological area of Ust-Ilimsk. It offers a sauna, ski storage, children’s playground, movie hall and ice rink. Ice skates, sleighs and snow tubes can be rented at the property.
- Hotel Shvedka Located in the centre of Bratsk, a 5-minute walk to the Drama Theatre, Hotel Shvedka offers comfortable rooms with free Wi-Fi. Bratskaya Hydropower Plant is a 30-minute drive away. The classic-style rooms feature warm-toned décor.
- Guest House Vremena Goda Guest House Vremena Goda is located in Bratsk. Free WiFi access is available. Each room here will provide you with a TV. There is also an electric kettle. Featuring a hairdryer, private bathroom also comes with free toiletries and slippers.
- Tunkinskaya Dolina Poselok Zhemchug Naran Gol Tunkinskaya Dolina Poselok Zhemchug Naran Gol is located in Burnyy. Complete with a microwave, the dining area also has a refrigerator. Extras include bed linen.
- 33 Bears Hotel Offering a sauna and a ski storage, 33 Bears Hotel is located in Novoabzakovo, 1.5 km from the nearest ski slope. Free WiFi access is available. Each room here will provide you with a TV and satellite channels.
- Baikal Trail Hostel Located in the city centre of Severobaykalsk, just a 10-minute walk from the bank of Baikal Lake, Baikal Trail Hostel features a shared kitchen, free Wi-Fi and 24-hour front desk. Severobaikalskiy Park is 600 metres away.
- Baikalskaya Residence Situated along the shores of Lake Baikal, Baikalskaya Residence features a private beach area, an indoor pool, and a spa and wellness centre. Free Wi-Fi access is available. The heated rooms all have a terrace overlooking the lake.
- Guest House Sozvezdie Medveditsy Located in Lesosibirsk, 3 km to the Enisey River, Guest House Sozvezdie Medveditsy features a sauna and massage. Free Wi-Fi and parking are available. A woodworking factory is a 15-minute drive away.
- Abris Apartments Offering free Wi-Fi and flat-screen TV with cable channels, Abris Apartments are located in Zheleznogorsk. The apartments feature a balcony, seating area, washing machine and ironing facilities. Some apartments provide air conditioning.
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Accommodation near Russia
Looking for somewhere to stay near Russia? Here is our list of options.
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36 N 3rd Ring Rd ENo info yet.. Please go to this page and enter some.
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NUO Hotel BeijingNUO Hotel Beijing is one of the best and largest hotels in Beijing where it has about 44 rooms. The hotel offers free parking, swimming pool, health spa, fitness center, airport shuttle, outdoor pool and a fitness center. It also provides tourist guidance service.
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Four Seasons BeijingFour Seasons Beijing hotel is one of the most luxurious hotels in all the cities of the world. For its distinctive design, the hotel provides all the comfort that visitors need from air-conditioned rooms, a private refrigerator in each room, internet access, jacuzzi, fitness in addition to the conference halls suitable for businessmen.
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The Ritz-Carlton Beijing Financial StreetThe Ritz-Carlton Beijing Financial Street is an ideal hotel for lovers of tranquility and romance because of its peaceful atmosphere. The hotel is located in the city center and has about two hundred and fifty-three rooms. In addition to the availability of air conditioning, swimming pools.
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Red Wall Garden HotelRed Wall Garden Hotel is considered the first destination for Arabs, especially the Gulf residents, for its calmness. They offer the necessary facilities like air-conditioned rooms and internet services.
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9 Dongdaqiao RdNo info yet.. Please go to this page and enter some.
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Hotel Eclat BeijingHotel Eclat Beijing is suitable for both business and commercial travelers, offering all the comfort ways to its guests from air-conditioned rooms, Jacuzzi pools, internet access, and airport shuttle service.
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Rosewood BeijingRosewood Beijing hotel is famous for offering delicious meals and dishes. It contains 282 air-conditioned rooms. The hotel also enjoys the beautiful tranquility needed by the guests with cheerful workers in the place, which gives it an atmosphere of joy.
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Kerry Hotel BeijingKerry Hotel Beijing is considered a suitable integrated hotel for all categories. It is suitable for new couples to indulge in a romantic atmosphere. It is famous for its quiet, concert halls and weddings. In addition to the luxury in its design which makes it suitable for businessmen and meetings.
It is suitable for families as it has children's entertainment area. The hotel has many rooms, amounting to about 485 rooms. -
Leo HostelNo info yet.. Please go to this page and enter some.
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